1
Q
What are Tablets?
A
- Solid dosage form
- containing medicinal substances
- with or without suitable excipients.
2
Q
What is the most frequently prescribed dosage form?
A
Tablets.
3
Q
How are tablets primarily prepared?
A
Compression.
4
Q
How are a few tablets prepared?
A
A limited number prepared by molding.
5
Q
What is the manufacturing rate of tablets?
A
A rate of thousands/min.
6
Q
What are the shapes of tablets?
A
Round, oblong, oval, triangular, square, rectangular, hexagonal, heart.
7
Q
What markings can tablets have?
A
Scored or grooved, engraved or imprinted.
8
Q
What are the Tablet Advantages (9)?
A
- Accurate dosage/minimum variability
- Concentration variability (multiple strengths)
- Elegance
- Low cost
- Easiest/cheapest to package and ship
- identification is simple
- Ease of administration
- Special release profiles possible
- Suited for large-scale production
9
Q
What are the Tablet Disadvantages (6)?
A
- Absorption by the patient can vary
- Pediatric and geriatric patients can’t swallow
- Bitter tasting drugs need a coating
- GI irritation
- Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for tablets
- Low density and amorphous are difficult to compress.
10
Q
What is Compressibility?
A
materials’ ability to reduce its volume
11
Q
What is Compactibility?
A
ability of a powder to be compressed into a tablet
12
Q
What is Flowability?
A
Ability of powder to flow without sticking to surface
13
Q
What properties are important for tablet and capsule manufacturing?
A
Compressibility, Compactibility, Flowability.
14
Q
What are the general types of tablets?
A
Compressed tablets, Molded tablets.
15
Q
What Tablets are ingested orally? (7)
A
- Compressed tablet
- Multiple compressed tablet
3. Repeat action tablet
4. Delayed release tablet - Sugar coated tablet
- Film coated tablet
- Chewable tablet
16
Q
Give a SPECIFIC MEDICATION example of a Compressed tablet?
A
Acetaminophen.
17
Q
What is an example of Multiple compressed tablet?
A
Tablet in a tablet.
18
Q
What is an example of Repeat action tablet?
A
Repetabs (antihistamine).
19
Q
What is an example of Delayed release tablet?
A
Enteric coated Bisacodyl tablet.
20
Q
What is an example of Sugar coated tablet?
A
Multivitamins.
21
Q
What is an example of Film coated tablet?
A
Metronidazole.
22
Q
What is an example of Chewable tablet?
A
Antacid.
23
Q
What Tablets are used in the Oral Cavity?
A
Sublingual tablet, Buccal tablet.
24
Q
What is an example of a Buccal tablet?
A
Vitamin-C tablet.
25
What is an example of a Sublingual tablet? (2)
Vicks Menthol tablets.
Nitroglycerin sublingual tablet.
26
What Tablets are Administered by Other Routes?
Vaginal tablets (aka “inserts”).
27
What are Vaginal tablets made by?
Compression.
28
What are Vaginal tablets supplied with?
Device for insertion.
29
What Tablets are Used to Prepare a Solution?
Effervescent tablet.
30
Give an example of an Effervescent tablet?
| 2
Disprin tablet (Aspirin) & Alka-Seltzer
31
What are 6 Common Tablet Excipients?
1. Binders or Adhesives
2. Disintegrants
3. Glidants
4. Lubricants
5. Antiadhesives
6. Diluents.
32
What type of Tablet Excipient increases bulk AND enhances compression?
Diluents.
33
What type of Tablet Excipient promotes adhesion of the particles in the formulation?
Binders or Adhesives.
34
What type of Tablet Excipient promotes breakup of tablets in GI?
Disintegrants.
35
What type of Tablet Excipient improves flow properties?
Glidants.
36
What type of Tablet Excipient reduces friction during tablet compression?
Lubricants.
37
What type of Tablet Excipient prevents tablets sticking to equipment?
Antiadhesives.
38
What are Multiple Compressed Tablets prepared by?
Subjecting the fill material to more than a single compression.
39
What are the types of Multiple Compressed Tablet shapes?
Sequential and alternate fill-compress-fill-compress.
40
What does the Film coating retain?
Size, shape and imprinting.
41
What does Film coating allow for more resistance against?
Abrasion.
42
What are the aqueous coatings made of?
1.Methylcellulose, 2.hydroxypropyl 3.hydroxymethylcellulose.
43
Are aqueous or non-aqueous coatings preferred?Why?
Aqueous because in non-aqueous coatings, there is a release of solvents.
44
What are Sugar-Coated Tablets?
coated with a sugar coating that can be colored.
45
Is the process of making Sugar-Coated Tablets short or long?
Long process of layering on multiple coats.
46
What can Sugar-Coated Tablets increase the size up to?
50%!
47
What are Sugar-Coated Tablets creating a barrier against?
Bitter taste/odor, water/air
48
What steps can Sugarcoating of tablets be divided into?
1. Waterproofing and sealing
2. Subcoating
3. Smoothing and final rounding
4. Finishing and coloring
5. Polishing.
49
What is waterproofing and sealing of tablets?
| What are the specific substances used too?
1. One or more coats of a waterproofing substance (shellac/polymer Eudragits)
50
What is Subcoating of Tablets?
3-5 subcoats of a **sugar-based syrup.**
51
What can subcoatings of tablets contain (3)?
Contains gelatin, acacia, or PVP.
52
What is Smoothing and final rounding of tablets?
5 - 10 additional coatings of a **thick syrup**
53
What is Finishing and coloring of tablets?
Several coats of a thin syrup containing colorant
54
What is Polishing of tablets?
Coating pans lined with canvas impregnated with carnauba wax.
55
What are Film-Coated Tablets?
thin plastic-like polymer coating layered onto the tablet
56
What is a type of Gelatin-Coated Tablets?
GELCAP.
57
What are GELCAPs?
Capsule-shaped tablet coated with a thin layer of gelatin.
58
In what do the coating of Enteric-Coated Tablets dissolve?
In a BASIC pH range - after moving into the SI
59
What do Enteric-Coated Tablets protect the drug against?
Acidic pH range.
60
At what pH are Enteric coatings designed to dissolve?
pH of 4.8 or higher.
61
Are Enteric-Coated Tablets non-aqueous or aqueous?
Either.
62
What are some materials used for Enteric-Coated Tablets?
1. shellac
2. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
3. polyvinyl acetate phthalate
4. diethyl phthalate
5. cellulose Acetate phthalate.
63
Where are Buccal and Sublingual Tablets designed to dissolve in?
Dissolve in the buccal pouch (cheek) or under the tongue (sublingual).
64
Where does drug absorption occur through for Buccal and Sublingual Tablets?
Through oral mucosa.
65
What do Buccal and Sublingual Tablets protect against?
Gastric juices.
66
What are Buccal and Sublingual Tablets alternatives for?
Drugs that are poorly absorbed in the GI tract.
67
What are Chewable Tablets for?
Children, adults who have difficulty swallowing.
68
What 2 things are important in regards to Chewable Tablets?
Flavoring & Must be chewed.
69
What flavoring products are used in Chewable Tablets?
Mannitol, other sweeteners may be present.
70
Why must Chewable Tablets be chewed?
For rapid disintegration b/c it has no disintegrates.
71
What are some examples of Chewable Tablets (5)?
1. PeptoBismol
2. Methyllin (methylphenidate)
3. Amoxil
**4. vitamins
5. Dilantin Infatabs.**
72
What are Effervescent Tablets?
tablets containing effervescent salts that release **carbonation** when placed in water.
73
What kind of tablet can be made via molding?
Tablet triturates
74
How are molded tablets made?
Extemporaneously
75
Are molded tablets soft or hard?
Soft.
76
How fast do molded tablets dissolve?
Dissolve rapidly.
77
What do Rapidly Disintegrating or Dissolving Tablets contain?
Lyophilized Foam.
78
What is Lyophilized Foam?
Mixture poured into mold and lyophilized (freeze-dried).
79
What are some traits of Rapidly Disintegrating or Dissolving Tablets? (3)
**Taste**, Breakage, **Compression**.
80
What are Rapidly Disintegrating or Dissolving Tablets?
**Mildly** compressed & containing “super-disintegrants.”
81
What does the mechanism of Extended-Release Tablets/capsules affect and slow down?
Affect the rate of drug release, slow the transit time of the drug through the GI tract.
82
What are the Advantages of Extended-Release Tablets?
| 2
Reduces dosing frequency, less fluctuation in blood levels.
83
What are the Tablet Compendial Requirements (6)?
1. Content Uniformity and Weight Variation
2. Tablet disintegration
3. Tablet dissolution
4. Tablet friability
5. Tablet thickness
6. Tablet hardness.
84
What is Tablet friability?
Tendency to crumble, 1% loss is generally acceptable.
85
What is Tablet thickness determined by (2)?
die and pressure.
86
What drugs is hard for a long time? What drugs are soft?
1. lozenges are hard for long duration
2. immediate release are soft.
87
What is Tablet dissolution?
| one word
Bioavailability.
88
What is the Tablet disintegration timing?
2-30 min.
89
What is Imprinting of tablets/capsules required by and FOR?
Required by the FDA for drugs intended for human consumption- both Rx and OTC drugs.
90
What must the Imprinting of tablets/capsules include?
Product specific identification codes.
91
What are some drugs exempt from Imprinting (4)?
1. Investigational
2. compounded
3. radiopharmaceuticals
4. isn’t possible due to physical characteristics - shape, size, texture.
92
What are the Desirable Characteristics of Compressed Tablets?
Tablet hardness 5 - 6 kg, Tablet thickness 2.0 mm, Tablet weight 200 mg ± 5%, Content uniformity 95 -102%, Disintegration < 5 minutes.
93
What is the Packaging & Storage of tablets?
Tight containers, in places of low humidity and protected from extremes in temperature.
94
What are used with tablet medications prone to decomposition by moisture?
Desiccant packet.
95
What can increase with age of a drug?
Drug hardness may increase.
96
What can increased age (leading to drug hardness) result in?
Resulting in suboptimal dissolution.
97
Delete
Delete
98
What broad coating do delayed release drugs use?
Coatings that release the drug once it exits the stomach in BASIC pH.
99
What does Repeat action of drugs contain?
Immediate and delayed released formulation.
100
What do Targeted release place the drug at?
The site of action.
101
What are some Extended-release technologies?
1. Coated beads
2. granules and microspheres w/ coatings of different **thicknesses**.
102
What do Coated beads, granules and microspheres with coatings of different thicknesses spread out?
dissolution rate.
103
What system do Extended-release technology use?
Multitablet system.
104
What do Multitablet systems contain?
Small spheres coated for various release times.
105
What do encapsulation of Extended-release technology place around particles?
A film
106
What is the Diffusion of drugs embedded in for Extended-release technology?
An inert plastic matrix.
107
What does Ion-exchange resin in Extended-release technology release drugs based on?
pH and electrolyte concentration in the GI tract.
108
What is an example of medication that uses Ion-exchange resin?
Tussionex.
109
What are some other dosage forms (3)?
Pills, Pellets, Lollipops.
110
What are lollipop dosage forms?
A sugar-based lozenge on a stick which contains a drug.
111
What is an example of a lollipop dosage form?
Fentanyl Actiq.
112
What does Fentanyl Actiq cause?
| Throught what?
Very fast onset through the oral mucosa for cancer breakthrough pain.
113
What are Pellet dosage forms?
| 3
1. Beads
2. coated to provide time release drugs
3. ingested through a capsule.
114
What are pill dosage forms?
Small round solid dosage forms.
115
How are pills prepared?
| 2
Wet massing and kneading.
116
How are pill excipients selected?
Based on their ability to produce a firm and plastic mass.
117
What are Lozenges & Troches?
| Where are they dissolved in? What effects do they have?
1. medicinal agent in hard candy or sugar base
2. dissolved in the oral cavity
3. local & systemic effects.
118
What are some examples of Lozenges & Troches?
| one of each
Nicorette lozenges, Mycelex troches.
119
What are Fentanyl lollipops made BY and FOR?
Compounding pharmacies for cancer pain.
FPS Exam 2
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