1
Q
What is the definition of creativity?
A
- Unique, original, novel and useful (across generations)
2
Q
What types of creativity do we have ?
A
- P-creativity
- H- creativity
- Big C creativity
- little C creativity
- Pro C Creativity
3
Q
What is meant by P creativity ?
A
- it is creative with respect to the mind of the person concerned, even if others have had that idea already
- P = Psychological
4
Q
What is meant by H creativity ?
A
- P creativity + it has never occured in history before
5
Q
How do we (humans in general) exercise creativity?
A
- Via interactions
6
Q
What is meant by Big C creativity?
A
- A product that is judged to be novel and appropriate, useful or valuable by a suitably knowledgeable social group
- Breaktrough idea
7
Q
What is meant by little C creativity?
A
- individual capacities for doing things in novel ways (= everyday procedures)
- coming up with a new recipy
8
Q
On what does little C creativity depend on?
A
- Depends on emotional input and complex operations of human consciousness
9
Q
For what is litlle C creativity needed ?
A
- developing computer-based algorithms that aim to imitate human thinking patterns
10
Q
What is meant by Pro C creativity ?
A
- creativity that is developed within existing domains of knowledge but isn’t “paradigm busting”
11
Q
What is meant by problem space ?
A
- the entire range of components that exist in the process of finding a solution to a problem.
- All possible data
12
Q
How does creativity emerge ?
A
- Via the individualist approach
- or the Sociocultural Approach
13
Q
What is meant by the individualist approach ?
A
- Is a view that focus on Individuals as the unit of creativity
- leaves out social and cultural perspective
- Creativity involves combinations of previously mastered concepts
14
Q
What is meant by the sociocultural approach ?
A
- Collective generation and acceptance of new
ideas - creativity is not dependend on one individual but rather on 3 elements
15
Q
What are the 3 elements of the sociocultural approach ?
A
- Depends on individual talent (indvidual), existing info/culture (domain)
and judgement by experts (society/field)
16
Q
What are the 3 components influencing BIG C ?
A
- Accepted and agrgeed upon domain of current knowledge
- Individual who alters a component of the domain
- Field of experts that decides whether the novelty will be accepted into the existing domain
- (Three components: Field of experts + Domain + Individual)
17
Q
What is the problem with Ai and creativity ?
A
- Creativity is difficult to put in a cognitive model
- Humans must first find a way to impart rule based algorithms or to train the AI via deep learning
- Is possibel (Creativity 4.0)
18
Q
What is meant by Creativity 4.0?
A
- 4 Components: Domain, field of experts, Indvidual and AI
- AI gets influenced by the Individual but is also capable of gaining knowledge independedtly of the individual form the Domain
- Conlsuion: The AI would lead to better prediction then the human / better creativty since new combinations are independent from originally provided info
19
Q
What is the key component for an AI system to become creative ?
A
- The way it learns
1: Rule based learning
2: Deep learning (better)
20
Q
What is meant by deep learning ?
A
- machine learning where artificial neural networks (algorithms), are inspired by the human brain
- Algorithms learn from a big data via trail and error
21
Q
Why is the creativity of an AI system not yet equivalent to the human creativity ?
A
- because of the absence of the emotional arousal system
- > No emotional reasoning
- > Only utilitarianism is possible
22
Q
Why are so many people afraid of creativity 4.0?
A
- They can replace jobs of humasn
- AI system could reflect only the intrest f the programmer (to complex and could be for exampel rasist)
- Could know to much personal knowledge
23
Q
What is an advantage of AI ?
A
- make important decisions without emotional attachment -> Utilitarian
24
Q
What is meant by Utilitarian ?
A
- most beneficial outcome for the largest group of people
25
What is meant by parallel processing ?
- processing multiple things at the same time
26
What is meant by serial processing ?
- processing only one think at a time ?
27
What is the creative process regarding the big C ?
Step 1 Preparation-> Problem finding in a certain domain + Familiraise with potentional solutions
Step 2 Incubation -> set the problem aside when no progress was made + time allows creators to process that information
Step 3 Illumination -> insight is reached via Divergent thinking and combination
Step 4 Verfication -> put idea into the final form
28
What happens during incubation ?
- Solution often simply occurs
- It is not about the ideas which u thought were relevant it is about the previously unrelevant facts which bring the insight
29
At what age do u reach the pick of creativity ?
- at the age of 25-35 (inverted u shape)
30
How is intelligent and creativity related ?
- The more intelligent one is the more creative one is
| - Only holds true for on IQ of maximum 120
31
What was campbell idea of creativity? (ASK Johanna or ellena)
- exist of selective retention and blind variation
- quasi-random thoughts might just by chance lead to something creative (thinking about 16 hours a day)
- "creative insight"
- links biological evolution to creativity: random variants that are fit are retained and unfit ideas will vanish
32
What is meant by the defocused attention theory ?
- To have a creative idea one has to be conscious of it -> Consciousness is the combination of short term memory and attention
- Different attention capacity explain individual differences regarding consciousness which therefore means differences regarding creativity
- The more attention skills u have the better you can attend to multiple ides
33
What is meant by the "flat associative hierarchy theory" ?
- Attetion can be either focused or defocused
- Focused attention leads to high activty of a few nodes
- Attention defocusing: leads to less activation among more nodes
- High activity among a few nodes leads to inhibition of nodes
- Therefore defocused attention = less inhibition = more nodes active = better short term memory = more creativty
- flat associative hierarchy are in general more creative = defocused attention
34
How does creativity work regarding primary and secondary thinking ?
- Creative people are better at switching bewteen primary (free and abstract) and secondary process thinking (logic)
- > Therefore they can use primary processing not only for affective thinking but for all kinds of thinking stlyes
- primary processing = creativity
35
How is creativity linked to arousal ? (theory of creativity and arousal) -Ask elena
- Anything that increases arousal causes decreases on tests of creativity
- High arousal lvl = less nodes are active
- creative people are in general more variable in their level of arousal
36
Based on the 5 theoris mentioned above. Which factors could influence creativity ?
- Arousal, attention, primary processing and quasi randomness + increased functional connectivity between default network and central executive network
37
Which brain areas are needed in order to become creative ?
- interplay between VMPFC to DLPFC
- Interplay between default mode network and executive control network -> active during creative performance
- Anterior insula (salience) network controls the switching
- Dual-model of creativity !!
38
What is the function of the default network ?
- Divergent/abstract thinking
- It is about idea generation /spontaneous thoughts
- bottom up
39
What is the function of the central executive network ?
- Convergent thinking
- it is about: Evaluation of the info from the default network
- Top down processing
40
What is meant by connectionsim ?
- it states that human mental processes (such as learning) can be explained by the computational modeling of neural nets (networks)
- artificial intelligence approach to cognition in which multiple connections between nodes (equivalent to brain cells) form a massive interactive network in which many processes take place
41
What do we need for neuronal networks ?
- Processing units/nodes (= neurons)
- Activation state of nodes (high activation = attention + low activtaion = short term memory)
- Pattern of connections among the nodes = long-term memory
- Learning rules = Hebbian learning rule
42
What is meant by the hebbian learning rule?
- Simultaneously activated = connection strengthened
43
What is meant by Computational creativity?
= artifical creativity
- The goal would be that a computer can replicate human lvl creativity
- Also in gneral to understand human creativity
- Or to enhance humans creativity without the human being creative on his own
44
What are the three different ways in which creativity happens ?
- unfimiliar combination (of existing idas), exploration (moving within the conceptual space and apply rules within the field) and transformation (altering one or more of the defined dimensions)
45
What is meant by System autonomy ?
- when a system changes its standards without explicit help
46
What is meant by an Simulated Annealing algorithm ?
- It solves optimization problems
- avoid the problem of getting trapped in a local maximum
- wants to Identfy the global optimum
- It randomly generated new points
- The algorithm accepts all new points that lower the objective, but also, with a certain probability, points that raise the objective- > reason why it awoids to get trapped
- models the physical process of heating a material and then slowly lowering the temperature
47
What is meant by an optimization problem ?
- is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions
48
Regarding which creativity is the Ai system better then the human and why ?
- Exploratory creativity
| - use conceptual spaces which can be explored to come up with creative ideas
49
Regarding which creativity is the Ai system worse then the human and why ?
- Cobinational creativity
- Combining links that were not linked
beforehard
Man and Machine
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