task 5

Question 1

Paedophilia is an …

Answer 1

ongoing sexual attraction/preference for prepubescent minors

Question 2

Hebephilia is an

Answer 2

ongoing sexual attraction/preference for pubescent minors

Question 3

There are 2 types of perpetrators who commit sexual offenses against children

Answer 3

50% of offenders are paedophiles and 50% 1. abuse children for other reasons (e.g. inexperience, mental retardation, ASPD, traumatizing family constellation leading to the search of a surrogate partner). The second 50% lack social skills and are often diagnosed with impulse control disorders

Question 4

Do all paedophiles have a disorder?

Answer 4

NO

Paedophilia is viewed as a phenotype of human sexuality

It can become a sexual disorder if the individual · experienced distress/impairment by fantasies and urges or by acting out on behavioural level

Question 5

Prevelance

Answer 5

difficult to obtain numbers
around 1-5% in males

Question 6

Female perpetrator

Answer 6

This often happens together with a male partner and it is not clear whether paedophilia (as it is defined currently) even exists in women

Question 7

Name methods of diagnosing

Answer 7

Tanner stages

Phallometry

Viewing time paradigm

Eye tracking and ouoil dilation

fMRI

Question 8

Tanner stages

Answer 8

Pictures of 5 stages of different maturity levels of bodies

assesses body scheme age preference (paedophilia = attraction to stages 1/2

Question 9

phallometry

Answer 9

measures paedophilic interest; measures genital sexual arousal through sexual stimuli based on relative change in penile response

Circumferential phallometry: measures change in penile girth with a wire band fitted around the base of the penis

Volumetric phallometry: glass tube is fitted around the penis so that air output as result of erection can be measured

Question 10

Viewing time paradigm

Answer 10

people will look sign. longer at stimuli they find sexually arousing
Prevents faking

Question 11

Eye tracking and pupil dilation

Answer 11

may also indicate sexual preference

Question 12

fMRI

Answer 12

= preference-specific BOLD patterns are evident

fMRI could be used in the future

Question 13

Co-morbidities

Answer 13

Men with paedophilia often have a history of psychiatric disorder -> not clear whether this is true comorbidity or just a consequence of their sexual preference

Comorbit with mood and anxiety disorders, SUD and personality disorder

Question 14

Paedophiles neural responses to adult erotic stimuli

Answer 14

Pedophiles showed reduced neural responses to adult erotic stimuli in brain areas known to be involved in sexual processing

Exposure to sexual stimuli that matched their preferences (ie, pictures of nude children), however, evoked preference-specific activations similar to those observed in healthy heterosexual adults

Question 15

Executive functions of Paedophiles is…..

Answer 15

impared

Question 16

Early theories

Answer 16

classical and operant conditioning as the behavioural mechanism through which the “abused-abuser” theory could be explained as well as attachment style in childhood

Not well supported

Illogical: If conditioning than would see more female offenders

Question 17

3 theories of Paedophilia

Answer 17

Frontal Lobe theory

Temporal lobe theory

Dual lobe theory

Question 18

Problem with those theories (lobe theories)

Answer 18

The dont explain WHY people HAVE pedophilic intrest

Question 19

Frontal lobe theory

Answer 19

OBFC + DLPFC differences are seen in paedophilic men

explain offenses against children from behavioral disinhibition and uncontrolled compulsive behaviors

· OBFC = responsible for behavioural control/inhibiting sexual behaviour

Volume differences or dysfunction in the OBFC may explain sexual behaviour disorder associated with paedophilia but not paedophilic preference

Question 20

Temporal limbic theory

Answer 20

Plays a role in the expression of hypersexuality

focusing on the misattributed emotional salience and valence toward children

Pedophilia is often accompanied by hypersexuality

· disturbances (e.g. lesions) of the temporal lobes can result in an increase in paedophilic behaviours or an increase in the breadth of deviant sexual interests

Question 21

Dual lobe theory

Answer 21

· Frontal and temporal lobes affect paedophilic sexual preference and its associated behaviours

diminished impulse control as seen with orbitofrontal deficits and hypersexuality through the temporal lobes

· Frontal lobe (OBFC+DLPFC): accounts for committing the sexual offenses against children

Temporal lobe (amygdala and hippocampus): accounts for the sexual preoccupation with children

Question 22

Areas associated with paedophilia

Answer 22

Amygdala

PFC

temporal cortex

GM and WM volume reduction

Question 23

Where GM volume decrease?

Answer 23

Amygdala, OBFC, DLPFC, Insula, Striatum, posterior cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus

Question 24

Naked child activation of … increases and overall reduced volume

and reason for that

Answer 24

amygdala

-> similar reaction as non-paedophiles to preferred (adult) stimuli

possible fearful emotional reaction combined with sexual arousal

Question 25

PFC pedo

Answer 25

may prompt a latent predisposition to sexual attraction to children through disinhibition,

Question 26

Temporal cortex pedo

Answer 26

migh elicit sexual attraction through sexual preoccupation

Question 27

Differences in sex dimorphic brain structures

Answer 27

Differences in the sex dimorphic brain structures affected by the masculinization of the male brain would more strongly affect paedophilia development BUT hypothesis failed to state in what direction these changes occur

Question 28

Characteristics of pedophiles 6

Answer 28

increased rates of non-righthandedness shorter stature lower IQ head injury (doubled rate) prenatal androgen levels the associated neuronal structural and functional differences that are present since childhood and/ or adolescence

Question 29

Markers of neurodevelopmental abnormality contributing to paedophilia

Answer 29

Sibling sex composition: paedophiles have a greater number of older brothers Paternal age at birth: greater age was related to an increased chance of homosexuality Maternal age at birth: greater age increased risk for paedophilia Fluctuating asymmetry of finger lengths and wrist widths Intelligence: research findings are contradictory

Question 30

Neurodevelopmental correlates of Paedophilia

Answer 30

interaction among neurodevelopmental factors based on genes and the (in utero-) environment

Question 31

Heritability

Answer 31

14% BUT likely gene x environment interplay (e.g. genes and own sexual victimization in childhood) small hereditary component, with cases clustering in families

Question 32

Tumor in OBFC

Answer 32

sexual intrest in children

Question 33

What part regulates sexual beaviour?

Answer 33

Temporal cortex

Question 34

Study: paedophilic and non-paedophilic group were exposed to their preferred sexual stimuli and non-sexual stimuli (their brain activity was measured) Results?

Answer 34

-> Between-group comparisons failed to reveal any significant difference in either direction -> All activated brain regions associated with sexual arousal in the non-pedophilic group were also found in the pedophilic group -> The hypothesis that pedophiles present neural anomalies of brain regions associated with cognitive or perceptual categorization of sexual stimuli was not supported by the present results NO CENTER OF PEDOPHELIA paper states that neuroimaging is not a suitable way to confirm a diagnosis of paedophilia

Question 35

Study: using fMRI instead of phallometry Method

Answer 35

Paedophilic and non-paedophilic participants were briefly exposed to same- and opposite-sex images of nude children and adults (during fMRI) Researchers looked at difference in BOLD signal to child and adult stimuli for each participant

Question 36

Study: using fMRI instead of phallometry results

Answer 36

Relying solely on the spatially distributed between-group differences in functional brain response to sexual stimuli, a pattern classification algorithm distinguished participants with pedophilia from healthy controls with a high degree of accuracy. Were able to reliably discriminate teleiophilic participants from pedophilic participants mean classification accuracy of the neurofunctional pattern classification approach was somewhat superior as opposed to the phallometric assessment

Question 37

Study: using fMRI instead of phallometry conclusion

Answer 37

functional brain response patterns to sexual stimuli contain sufficient information to identify paedophiles with high accuracy the automatic classification of functional brain response to sexual stimuli is a promising technique to assess the sexual orientation of child sex offenders

Question 38

Limitation of this study

Answer 38

only participanrs who openly admit to pediophilia it is not known whether probands are able to manipulate their neurofunctional response during brief sexual stimulus presentation within the MRI environment.

Question 39

Benefits of automatic classification compared to phallometry

Answer 39

May be more accurate than phallometry fMRI measures are less intrusive than phallometry Can be performed in less than 20 minutes Might be less susceptible to faking

Question 40

Preference-specific brain activity AREAS

Answer 40

· caudate nucleus, cingulate cortex, insula, fusiform gyrus, temporal cortex, occipital cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and cerebellum