what is the hazard risk equation?
(hazard x vulnerability) / capacity to cope
what is a natural disaster?
500 or more deaths
what does Dregg’s model of disaster of vulnerability show/compare?
hazardous event + vunerable population
what is the PAR model?
pressure and release model
what does the PAR model involve?
root cause > dynamic pressure > unsafe conditions
name a developing country for the PAR model?
Haiti
what is Haiti’s PAR model? (give one for each 3 factors)
root cause:
- heavily in debt to US, Germany, and french banks = used money to repay its debts instead of improving the infrastructure
- corruption
- most of the population lived under the poverty line
dynamic pressure:
- lack of disaster preparedness and management systems
- lack of education systems
- rapid urbanisation = vulnerable slum- like housing
- high population density
unsafe conditions:
- soft soil
- lot of illegal housing built in unsafe areas
- low GDP per capita =buildings constructed cheaply
name a emerging country for the PAR model..
china
what is china’s PAR model? (give 1 reason per feature)
root cause:
- accepted bribes
- corrupt government
- hard to access
dynamic pressures:
- mountainous regions
- rural area= lack of training and preparedness
- lack of investment in earthquake proofing
- lots of rebuilding
unsafe conditions:
-earthquake triggered landslides that lead to a 1/4 of earthquake related deaths
what tectonic process does the PAR model measure?
earthquakes
name a developed country for the PAR model….
japan
what is Japan’s PAR model?(give 1 reason per feature)
root cause:
- low levels of corruption= buildings constructed with earthquake proof
- nuclear power plant was damaged=leaked radiation
dynamic pressures:
- well developed disaster plans
- population in city was big
- evacuation routes
unsafe conditions:
- nuclear power plant not built properly
- many elderly people
what is hazard vulnerability?
capacity of a person or group to cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural disaster
name three factors which increase vulnerability..
- corrupt government
- larger population
- no warning systems
- lack of urban planning
- economic wealth
- vegetation is bad
- rapid population growth
- bad infrastructure
name three factors which decrease vulnerability..
- good infrastructure
- evacuation plans/routes
- more developed the country
- strong building regulations
- early warning systems
- good access to resources
- strong emergency services
- how switched on a country is
what is Spearman’s rank correlation?
shows the correlation between magnitude of an earthquake and deaths
what natural disaster does spearman’s rank measure?
earthquake
what is a hazard profile?
way of comparing natural disasters by using characteristics to compare them
what are the different characteristics of a hazard profile?
magnitude no.of deaths fast speed long duration large spatial areas very frequent high damage cost slow recovery rate
what 2 countries can we compare using the hazard profile for earthquakes?
Haiti and Christchurch
>both high speed on set
>Haiti had higher no of deaths
what 2 countries can we compare using the hazard profile for tsunamis?
indian ocean and Tokyo
>both had high magnitude of the same
>japan had high damage costs
what 2 countries can we compare using the hazard profile for volcanos?
Montserrat and st helens
>both had same slow recovery rate
>mt st helens had slower speed of onset
