Geography test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What are minerals

A

-Naturally occuring
-Solid
- Ordered internal molecular structure
-Definite chemical composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

minerals found in granite

A

Quartz
Hornsblend
feldspar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Process Resulting in formation of minerals

A

-Precipitation of minerals from solution
-Crystallization of molten rock
-biological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what determines crystalline structure?

A

Ionic Size
and
charges of ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Polymorphs

A

minerals with the same composition but different crystalline structures
ex: diamonds and graphite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physical properties of Minerals

A

Crystal form, luster,color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, gravity (Density)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Crystal form

A

external expression of internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Luster

A

if it reflects light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

color

A

an unreliable mineral identifier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Streak

A

color of the minerals powder form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hardness

A

resistance to scratching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cleavage

A

how it breaks resulting on different flat planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fracture

A

absence of cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gravity(density)

A

weight of a mineral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

major mineral groups

A

-Silicates
-Carbonates
-oxides
-sulfides
-sulfates
-native elements
-phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Silicates

A

most important because of its abundance of Silicon and oxygen, earth consists of 92% of silicates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mafic minerals

A

Olivine
pyroxene
aphibole
biotite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

felsic Minerals

A

Muscovite
Plagioclase
Orthoclase
Quartz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mafic

A

Dark colors
simple structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

felsic

A

Light colors
complex structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Magma

A

Completely or partially molten rock composed of melt, solids, volitiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Melt

A

liquid portion of magma made up of Oxygen, and silicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Solids (magma)

A

Minerals that crystallized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Volatiles

A

Water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
crystallization
Precipitation of mineral grains from magma
26
Igneous textures are controlled by what?
-Rate at which magma cools - The amount of dissolved gases present -amount of silica present
27
rate of which magma cools
slow cooling, results in larger crystals and fewer nucleation rapid cooling, results in many small crystals
28
Aphanitic/Vesicular texture
Individual crystals too small to see by the naked eye
29
Phaneritic
Individual crystals large enough to see
30
porhyritic
Large crystals in a fine grained crystals
31
glassy
Lacks crystalline structure because of rapid cooling
32
Pegmatitic
abnormally large crystals
33
Mafic minerals composition
High in Iron, and magnesium low in silicon
34
Felsic minerals composition
low in Iron, and magnesium, high in Silicon, Calcium, Potassium, and Sodium
35
Obsidian
Felsic, just glass
36
Pumice
glassy, formed by large amounts of gas, usually felsic
37
Pyroclastic
Rock composed of fragments ejected during eruption
38
Origin of magma
originates when solid rock in mantle and crust melts
39
Geothermal gradient
the rise in temp with depth in the earths crust 20-30 C/km
40
Melting curve
minimum temperatures at specific depths required to melt a rock
41
process aiding in melting
Decrease in pressure Introduction of volatile's increase in temp (not common)
42
Decompression melting
Melting of rocks occurs at lower temperatures with decreasing depth
43
Volatiles
addition of volatile's (water) to decrease melting temp : wet melting
44
Magmatic Differentiation
seperation of a melt from earlier formed crystals, also called frational crystallization changing magma from mafic to felsic
45
Crystal settling
dense early formed minerals settle to the bottom of a magma chamber remaining melt
46
magmatic assimilation
changing a magma's composition by incorporation of surrounding rock bodies
47
Magma mixing
two chemically distinct magmas mixed to produce a composition different from original magma
48
Partial Melting
Rock heated the minerals with lowest melting temp melts first
49
igneous activity at Divergent margins
-Asthenosphere rises at spreading centers -cause decompression melting -forms mafic magma
50
Igneous activity at convergent margins
-Subduction drags oceanic lithosphere -release of volatiles in subduction zone lowering the melting point of adjacent mantle -causes wet melting of the mantle to form a mafic magma
51
Viscosity controlled by?
-Silicon content -dissolved gasses -temprature
52
When pressure decreases
dissolved gases are released and form bubbles in magma
53
Low viscosity (low Si)
allows gases to migrate upwards and escape causing passive eruption
54
high Viscosity(High Si)
Traps gases until enough pressure builds causing violent ejection of gas and magma
55
Pahoehoe
lava flow looks like braids
56
Ah-ah
lava flow is jagged and blocky
57
Volcanic gases
70-H20 15 -CO2 5-N 5-SO2
58
Pyroclastic material
Material ejected from volcanic explosion
59
air fall
fragments ranging in size ejected from volcanoe
60
Lahar
Volcanic ash mud flow
61
Types of volcanoes
Shield Volcano, Cinder Cone, Composite Volcano
62
Shield Volcano
-largest in size -gentle sides -long duration of activity -non violent eruptions -long eruptions -Mafic lava
63
Cinder Cone
-Mafic lava -Formed mainly of basaltic pyroclastic material -steep -small -short life span -isolated or on other volcanoes
64
composite volcano
- pyroclastic, and andesitc lava flows -intermediate steepness -average size -span 1k years -violent
65
Lava Dome
Steep sided dome formed from viscous felsic lava , small
66
calderas
large circular depressions from collapsed volcanoes
67
Basaltic plateaus
massive accumulations of basaltic magma covering thousands of miles ( associated with extinction)
68
How volcanoes effect climate change
explosion emits huge quantities of ash into atmosphere -portion of incoming solar radiation is reflected -short term cooling
69
Plutons
Igneous structures that cooled and crystallized beneath the earths surface based on shape and orientation
70
Orientation
with respect of surrounding rock
71
Batholith
Massive discordant pluton
72
Laccolith
concordant, tabular pluton warping surrounding rocks
73
Dike
Discordant tabular pluton
Geography test 1
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions