Geography test 1 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Weathering

A

The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock at earths surface

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2
Q

Mass Wasting

A

The transfer of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity

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3
Q

Erosion

A

the physical removal of material by physical agents i.e. water, wind, ice

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4
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Physical forces breaking down rocks

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5
Q

Frost Wedging

A

caused by the expansion of water when it freezes in between cracks, repeated freezing and thawing causes the expansion

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6
Q

Unloading (sheeting)

A

reduction in pressure from erosion allowing rocks to expand, causing outer layers of rocks to crack, this can create an exfoliation dome

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7
Q

Biological Activity

A

Plants wedging in between cracks and spreading them apart, plants can also create acids eroding the rocks

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8
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

Chemically transforming rock into one or more new compounds

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8
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Where hydrogen ions replace other cations in minerals, causing minerals to breakdown and change into other minerals, ex: feldspar to clay

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8
Q

Dissolution

A

where solids are completely dissolved into ions by acids

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8
Q

oxidation

A

reaction where the elements loses electrons, this can cause rust on iron materials

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9
Q

Soil contains

A

A combination of minerals, organic material, water, and air 50/50

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9
Q

Differential weathering

A

different minerals weather at different rates

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9
Q

Parent Material

A

Source of weather material that soils develop from residual soils, transported soils

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9
Q

Rates of weathering is controlled by?

A

Mineral Composition
Climate
Particle size

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10
Q

Residual Soils

A

Soil developed from bedrock

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11
Q

Transported soils

A

soils developed on unconsolidated sediments

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12
Q

Formation of Soils is the product of?

A

Parent Material
Time
Climate
Plants and animals
topography

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13
Q

Time

A

The amount of time that weathering processes have been operating

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14
Q

Climate

A

Most control on soil, temperature and wetness of soil

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15
Q

Plants and animals

A

Amount of organic activity effecting the soil

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16
Q

topography

A

soil develops poorly on slopes

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17
Q

Soil profiles

A

O Horizon
A Horizon
E Horizon
B Horizon
C Horizon
Bedrock

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18
Q

O Horizon

A

Mostly organic materials, upper horizon is plant litter lower is decayed organic material

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19
A Horizon
Largely organic material, lots of biological activity
20
E Horizon
Mostly Minerals Eluviation Leaching
21
Eluviation
As water percolates through the solid
22
Leaching
Water dissolves soluble materials carrying it downward
23
B horizon
Subsoil, materials removed from the E horizon is deposited into the B horizon
24
C Horizon
Partially altered parent material considered regolith not counted as true soil
25
Bedrock
Unweathered Parent Material
26
Sedimentary Rock sources
Weathering Transportation Sedimentation(Diagenesis) Deposition
27
Sediment
Material derived from the mechanical and chemical weathering of rocks which is deposited on the surface of the earth
28
Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks formed from the calcification of sediments. They are the end products of mechanical and chemical weathering processes
29
How does sedimentary rocks provide evidence to past events
Provide information about sediment transporting Often contains fossils
30
How are sedimentary rocks economically important
They contain Coal, Petroleum and natural gas and are a source for Iron, Aluminium and Magnesium
31
Types of sediments
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
32
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from sediment transported as solid particles
33
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Formed from sediment that was once in solution
34
How are detrital Rocks classified
by texture and composition
35
Conglomerate
Large rounded grains (clasts)
36
Breccia
Large angular grains in a fine grain matrix
37
Porosity
Percent of void space
38
Permeability
A measure of the ease by which fluid may flow through the rock
39
Lithification
The process of changing sediments into solid sedimentary rocks
40
Compaction
Weight of overlying sediment compacts sediments
41
Cementation
Precipitation of minerals amoung individual rocks binding together filling in cracks
41
Inorganic Processes
Evaporation and chemical activity ex: limestones , cherts
41
Lithification of Sandstone
After deposition Compaction Cementation
42
Lithification of shale
-Wet Mud -Weight of New Sediment -Development if splitting surfaces
43
precipitation occurs in two ways
Organic Inorganic
44
Inorganic Limestone
Crystalline limestone Travertine
45
Organic Limestone
Coquina Fossiliferous Chalk
46
Crystalline Limestones
High concentration of calcium carbonate dissolved in water result in its precipitation - precipitated CaCO3 from water
47
Travertine
Fine grained calcum carbonate precipitated from ground water Ofter found in caves or hot springs, cave deposits, hot springs
48
Coquina
Loosely cemented shells and shell fragments
49
Fossiliferous limestones
Shell and other biogenic fragments glues cemented with calcite cement
50
Chalk
Microscopic shells and clay (shells from Foraminifera and coccoliths)
51
Dolostones
Made up of calcium magnesium carbonate mineral dolomite, similar to limestones but doesnt easily react to acids
52
Chert
Microcrystalline silica, most deposits are organic originating from micro organisms
53
Coal
Only rock made up of organic material rather than minerals, result from large amounts of plant material being buried for millions of years, develops in swamps
54
Evaporites
Evaporation of water containing dissolved elements trigger deposition/ precipitation of minerals, ex: halite and Gypsum
55
Sequence of precipitation from sea water
1.Calcite 2.Gypsum 3.Halite 4.Bitterns 5.Nitrates
56
Sedimentary structures
Features exhibited in sedimentary rocks that form during depositional processes
57
Beds(strata)
Layers of sediment that have accumulated in depositional environment
58
Bedding planes
Surface between layers
59
Graded Bedding
Particle size changes within a single sedimentary bed from coarse at the bottom to fine at the top
60
Cross bedding
Non horizontal layering within individual beds develop when there is unidirectional current during deposition
61
Ripple marks
Small waves of sand that develop on the surface of beds from moving water or air, current ripples steeper
62
MudCracks
form when wet mud dries out and shrinks
63
Fossils
As indicators of depositional environments can provide info on temp and local vegetation
64
Sedimentary Environments
A geographic setting where sediment accumulates
65
Depositional Environments
Places where sediments accumulate, different environments produce characteristic sedimentary rocks
66
Depositional Environment catagories
Continental Marine
67
Continental
Dominated by stream erosion, ex:river, alluvial fan lake, glacial, wind.
68
Marine
Shallow Deep water
69
Shores
Considered transitional between continental and marine
70
Rivers
Detrital silts and sands, well sorted, rounded, crossbedding
71
Alluvial fan
Detrital streams going from high structures going down to a lower elevation depositing sediments quickly ( containing mostly gravel turning into a conglomerate) Poorly sorted Graded bedding
72
Lake
Detrital or chemical sediments Fine grained size well sorted possible fossils possible limestones
73
Delta
Fluvial and swamp environment river deposits inter bedded with coal
74
sedimentary Facies
A portion of a rock unit that has distinct set of characteristics that distinguishes it from other parts of the same unit
75
what can Sed Facies document
changes in sea level, environment etc.
76
Metamorphism
The solid state change in composition and / or texture of a rock due to high temps, pressures, or fluids in the earth
77
Agents of metamorphism
Heat Stress Fluids
78
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