HALO > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the vulva?

A

Outer appearance of reproductive organs

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2
Q

What is the role of the vagina in childbirth?

A

Birth canal for the baby

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3
Q

Where is the perineum located?

A

Between the anus and vagina or scrotum

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4
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The opening to the uterus from the vagina

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5
Q

What marks the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterine lining begins to shed

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6
Q

On average, how long does menstruation typically last?

A

3–8 days

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7
Q

During which days does the uterine lining begin to thicken and prepare for pregnancy?

A

Days 6–14

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8
Q

Around what day does ovulation usually occur?

A

Day 14

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9
Q

What happens if the egg is fertilized?

A

It implants in the uterus

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10
Q

What causes menstruation to restart if fertilization does not occur?

A

Hormonal changes signal the uterus to shed its lining

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11
Q

What is the average length of a menstrual cycle?

A

21-35 days from the first day of one period to the next

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12
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Days 6–14: uterine lining thickens to prepare for pregnancy

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13
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

An egg is released from the ovary and moves into the fallopian tube

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14
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Days 14–25: the body prepares for potential implantation

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15
Q

What happens during days 25-28 if fertilization does not occur?

A

Hormonal changes trigger the shedding of the uterine lining

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16
Q

Where does fertilization typically occur?

A

In the fallopian tube

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17
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The inner lining of the uterus that thickens each cycle

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18
Q

What causes the uterine lining to shed?

A

A drop in pregnancy hormones (e.g., estrogen and progesterone)

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19
Q

How often does menstruation occur in a healthy cycle?

A

About once a month after puberty

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20
Q

Why is the menstrual cycle important for pregnancy?

A

It prepares the body to potentially support a fertilized egg

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21
Q

What is the primary function of the placenta during pregnancy?

A

Serve as the organ of exchange between mother and fetus

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22
Q

How is the placenta connected to the fetus?

A

Via the umbilical cord containing 2 arteries and 1 vein

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23
Q

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining uterine blood flow?

A

Maternal blood pressure

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24
Q

How does pain affect placental blood flow?

A

Reduces it via catecholamine release and hyperventilation

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25
What effect do uterine contractions have on blood flow to the fetus?
They temporarily decrease it
26
What are the characteristics of the umbilical cord?
1 vein and 2 arteries, rope-like and fibrous to cut
27
What does the amniotic sac contain?
Amniotic fluid
28
What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?
To cushion and protect the fetus
29
When does the amniotic sac typically rupture?
During labor
30
What is the texture of the umbilical cord like?
Rope-like and fibrous
31
Which of the following is a normal anatomical change during pregnancy?
Mucosal inflammation
32
What defines an uncomplicated childbirth according to the BLS PCS?
Spontaneous vaginal birth in vertex position between 37–42 weeks
33
At approximately what week can pregnancy typically be detected?
8 weeks
34
At 16 weeks gestation, where is the uterine fundus located?
Midway between symphysis pubis and umbilicus
35
Which week of pregnancy is considered TERM?
Week 37
36
Which of the following is NOT a type of miscarriage?
Delayed
37
What is the leading cause of death in the first trimester?
Ectopic pregnancy
38
What are common risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?
Tubal surgery, PID, smoking
39
What is a defining feature of placenta previa?
Painless bleeding
40
Which of the following is a possible complication of gestational diabetes?
Preeclampsia and stillbirth
41
Preeclampsia typically presents after which gestational age?
20 weeks
42
What is the main difference between preeclampsia and eclampsia?
Presence of seizure activity or coma in eclampsia
43
A patient in her third trimester reports a severe headache, blurred vision, and swelling. What should be suspected?
Preeclampsia
44
What is placental abruption?
The placenta separates from the uterine wall before birth
45
Which of the following is a common symptom of placental abruption?
++ Painful abdomen with easily palpable fetal parts
46
What can result from placental abruption if not managed properly?
Maternal and fetal death
47
What is placental rupture often confused with?
Uterine rupture
48
What is uterine rupture?
Full-thickness tear of the uterine wall
49
What is the critical time frame after uterine rupture before fetal morbidity becomes significant?
10–37 minutes
50
What defines a denied pregnancy?
The person does not believe they are pregnant
51
What is a hidden pregnancy?
A pregnancy deliberately concealed by the person
52
Which of the following is a possible consequence of denied or hidden pregnancies?
Unassisted delivery and neonaticide
53
What makes a denied or hidden pregnancy high risk?
No prenatal care or health screening
54
Which population is at double the risk of preterm birth and neonatal death?
Homeless individuals with substance use
55
Which is an appropriate approach when managing high-risk pregnant patients from vulnerable backgrounds?
Show empathy and build trust
56
What are the two critical questions to answer during your assessment of a pregnant patient?
Is this an uncomplicated or complicated pregnancy, and is delivery imminent or can we transport?
57
Which of the following should be part of the primary assessment of a pregnant patient?
Pregnancy history, including contractions, fluid, and urge to push
58
When should a secondary abdominal assessment be performed?
On patients with symptoms such as abdominal pain, trauma, or seizures
59
Where is the uterine fundus typically located at 20 weeks gestation?
At the umbilicus
60
Which of the following is an indication for perineal inspection?
Suspected cord prolapse or second stage labor
61
What is one of the visual signs you are looking for during perineal inspection?
Bulging membranes or bloody show
62
What should you wear during perineal inspection?
Sterile gloves
63
What is the most common fetal presentation during labor?
Occiput (cephalic)
64
What is the correct sequence of mechanisms in a normal labor progression?
Engagement, Internal rotation, Crowning, Restitution
65
What does "restitution" refer to in the mechanism of labor?
The baby's head realigns to the shoulders after delivery of the head
66
What defines the 1st stage of labor?
Onset of labor to full dilation of the cervix
67
How far apart are contractions at the onset of the 1st stage of labor?
Approximately 10 minutes apart
68
Which patients are more likely to experience precipitous delivery?
Multiparous women
69
During transport, what is the recommended position for a patient >20 weeks gestation in active labor?
Left lateral with knees/hips flexed or supine with buttocks elevated
70
What defines the 2nd stage of labor?
Full cervical dilation to delivery of the infant
71
Which of the following is a sign of the 2nd stage of labor?
Crowning, urge to push, amniotic fluid draining
72
What is 'crowning' in labor?
The fetal head is visible at the vaginal opening
73
How many fontanelles does an infant have?
6
74
What is restitution during labor?
Head rotates to align with shoulders to fit through the pelvis
75
What should be done immediately after delivery of the head?
Check for nuchal cord
76
How should the shoulders be delivered?
Gentle downward pressure to deliver anterior shoulder
77
What is the most important rule during shoulder delivery?
Do not pull on the head or neck
78
How long should you wait to clamp and cut the umbilical cord?
2–3 minutes or when the cord stops pulsating
79
Where should the cord be clamped?
First clamp at 15 cm from infant's abdomen, second 5–7 cm beyond
80
What does APGAR stand for?
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respirations
81
At what score should newborn resuscitation be considered?
Any number below 7
82
What defines the 3rd stage of labor?
Delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta
83
What are signs of placental separation?
Fresh bleeding, lengthening cord, fundus firm and rises
84
What is the critical action when delivering the placenta?
Do not pull on the cord; use gentle traction only when visible
85
What must be checked once the placenta is delivered?
Check for wholeness to prevent retained products
86
How often should the fundus and bleeding be assessed postpartum for the first 15 minutes?
Every 5 minutes
87
What does a soft, boggy uterus indicate?
Uterine atony – begin fundal massage
88
What should be done if postpartum hemorrhage is suspected?
Position mother supine, perform fundal massage, direct pressure on bleeding site
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