HOOKE
1670s
British scientist
Used microscope to view many items such as cork, fleas, butterfly wings, etc. and drew them.
- Published book that inspired others (Micrographia)
- First to use term cell for living things
- Helped Leeuwenhoek get published
LEEUWENHOEK
1673-1723
Rich, politician, thread count
Bought Hooke’s book, made his own handheld microscope, and was the
first person to see bacteria and documented all 3 shapes.
- Saw, with the microscope he created, and accurately drew all 3 basic shapes
of bacteria and came up with the term “animalcules” (bacteria)
REDI
1670s
Famous “covered jar” experiment to discover
the answer to spontaneous generation. Use 3cjars of meat, one control jar (uncovered), cover one in cheesecloth, and one closed. See if/ when maggots would appear then repeat.
- Developed first controlled experiment (scientific method)
- Refuted spontaneous generation for macroorganisms
JENNER
End of 1700s
Doctor
Noticed so many of his patients dying from small pox. Also observed that cowpox gave immunity to small pox (milk maids never got smallpox) and variolation from orient induced “mild” small pox using pus. So, he used pus from cowpox to create immunity from small pox.
- Created the first vaccination, nearly immediate widespread acceptance
SEMMELWEISS
1840s-60s
Hungarian doctor
Observed high “childbirth fever” deaths with doctors only, not midwives. Noticed that doctors would go from patient to patient without cleaning their hands or instruments. Introduced
use of lime water for disinfection (mortality rates decreased). Stood on soap box and yelled that other doctors should be charged for murder if they did not use his methods. Was very accusational and confrontational.
- Doctors need to clean their hands and instruments (lime water)
LISTER
1850s
Surgeon
Introduced anesthesia (but increased mortality rates). Expanded Semmelweiss’ methods, introduced asepsis into surgery (heat sterilization of instruments, disinfection of wounds, dressings, and air during surgery (atomizer)). Less confrontational so people listened.
- “Father of aseptic surgery”
Introduced asepsis into surgery, changed surgery forever bc we still use his methods today
PASTEUR (1857)
French chemist
Developed
pasteurization from being assigned the “sick wine experiements”. Discovered very important information:
- Pasteurization: mild heat removes most bacteria
- Microorganisms are capable of metabolizing
- Microbes cause disease in humans (wrote book The Germ Theory of Disease)
- Microorganisms are not spontaneously generated
PASTEUR (1865)
French chemist
Government contest to discover whether spontaneous generation is true or not. Experimented with an S-shaped flask and
showed no bacterial growth and won the contest.
- Microorganisms do not spontaneously generate
KOCH
1875
Prussian (German) doctor
Studied cause of anthrax in cattle bc it happens the same in humans and animals. Developed “Koch’s postulates”
to prove that microorganisms do cause disease in humans.
- Koch’s postulates that we still use today to determine what causes a certain disease
- Proved that microorganisms do cause disease in humans
PASTEUR (1880)
French chemist
Attenuation experiments, weakening of pathogen to create a vaccine. Used on
Joseph Meister (secret, cured him) and Jean - Baptiste Jupille (published to world) both had rabies.
- Weakening of pathogen to create a vaccine (aging, drying, exposure to weak acids, harsh chemicals, or passage through animals)
FLEMING
1929
PhD & MD, Scottish but trained in England
Didn’t do dishes from lab
experiment, isolated first antibiotic, penicillin, from penicillin notatum mold.
- Discovered penicillin
Cell membrane
Thin, flexible, fluid phospholipid bilayer
Controls entry/ exit of molecules
Drug target? NO
Required? YES
Cytoplasm
Watery matrix
Solvent for all chemical reactions of cell
Drug target? NO
Required? YES
Cell Wall
Gram positive/ Gram negative
Peptidoglycan (N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, and cross-linkages (tetrapeptide and peptide)
Prevents cell from over-expansion in hypotonic solutions (rigidity limits water entry)
Drug target? YES, targets peptidoglycan (stronger effect on gram positive walls)
Required? YES
Genome
Circular DNA double helix molecule
All genes needed to create whole organism
Drug target? YES, targets unwinding of genome and prevents RNA & DNA from being made
Required? YES
Ribosomes
2 part organelle made of rRNA & polypeptides
Protein production
Drug target? YES, targets size bc much smaller than ours (70s vs 80s)
Required? YES
Folic acid synthesis
Production of molecule from precursor: nucleotides
Process of making a precursor for nucleotides
Drug target? YES, targets the production of folic acid bc humans do not produce
Required? YES
R plasmid
Small “extra” segments of DNA to give extra abilities
Circular molecules of double-stranded DNA
Provide resistance to antibiotics (efflux pump or enzymes that change or break down antibiotics)
Drug target? NO
Required? NO
F plasmid
Small “extra” segments of DNA to give extra abilities
Circular molecules of double-stranded DNA
Fertility genes (not reproduction); initiate conjugation with partner bacteria (aggressor)
Instruction to make sex pili to connect 2 cells, pull together, pass plasmid, the cell is either the initiator or aggressor
Drug target? NO
Required? NO
Virulence plasmid
Small “extra” segments of DNA to give extra abilities
Circular molecules of double-stranded DNA
Production of toxins and enzymes that impact host body in disease
Both toxins and enzymes help the bacterium cause disease better in the host body (attack/ digest/ change)
Drug target? NO
Required? NO
Bacteriocin plasmid
Small “extra” segments of DNA to give extra abilities
Circular molecules of double-stranded DNA
Production of proteins that kill other bacteria
Where we’ve harvested most of the antibiotics that we use today (bacteria with bacteriocin plasmids/ mold/ fungi)
Drug target? NO
Required? NO
Sex pili
Tubular; made from pilin proteins; contracts
Temporary protrusions that connect cells to allow DNA transfer
Drug target? NO
Required? NO
Fimbrae
Short, numerous, permanent; made of pilin protein; not contractile
Primarily for adhesion to surfaces
Drug target? NO
Required? NO
Flagella
Lophotrichous, Monotrichous, Peritrichous, Amphitrichous
Composed of flagellan protein (genome genes); hairlike structures; stiff, curved
General movement in response to stimulus: taxis
Only way for bacteria to swim
Rotation type/ movement type:
- Counterclockwise (runs)
- Clockwise (tumbles)
Drug target? NO
Required? NO
