1
Q
Applied Research
A
- Need for specific facts and findings with policy implications
2
Q
Conceptualization
A
-Specifying what data will be collected as evidence of variables of interest
3
Q
Descriptive Research
A
- Researcher observes and then describes what was seen
4
Q
Explanatory Research
A
- Why some people feel a certain way
ex. Why do people favour cops
5
Q
Exploratory Research
A
- More specific problem to research
ex. People favour cops
6
Q
Methodology
A
- How social science methods can be used to better understand crime and criminal justice problems
7
Q
Operationalization
A
- Specify steps/proceudres to ID/measure variables
8
Q
Replication
A
-Repeating research study to test findings of earlier study
9
Q
Axioms
A
- Basic assumptions about reality taken as true; usually rep. relationship btwn 2 concepts
- People are deterred from committing crime because stressful act
10
Q
Propositions
A
-conclusions about relationships btwn multiple concepts based on logical interrelationships among axioms
11
Q
nomothetic
A
- Explores fewer, most important causal explanations affect groups
12
Q
idiographic
A
- explores many, unique causal relationships affect individuals
13
Q
Qualitative Data (Analytic approaches)
A
- More descriptive, experiences, opinions
14
Q
Quantitative Data (Analytic approaches)
A
- Focuses on numbers, percentages
15
Q
Objective
A
-Statement or fact, based on statistics
16
Q
Subjectivity
A
- Based on personal impressions or “feelings”
17
Q
Objectivity
A
- “Independent of mind”, not utilized
- Instead use intersubjective agreement (multiple agree something exists= treat as objective)
18
Q
Observation
A
- Info gathering of experience of what may/may not exist
- ex. Watching, score/performance
19
Q
Hypothesis
A
- Specific expectations about empirical reality, derived form propositions
- more specific and concrete
20
Q
Traditional model of science
A
- Theory
- Conceptualization
- Operationalization
- Observation
21
Q
Grounded Theory
A
- A type of inductive theory based on (grounded in) field observation
22
Q
Paradigm
A
- A fundamental model or frame of reference that we use to organize our observations and reasoning
23
Q
Anonymity
A
- Researcher can never link identity of participant to their responses/data (can’t reveal)
24
Q
Confidentiality
A
- Researcher can link data to participant, but promises not to do so publicly (won’t reveal)
25
How to uphold confidentiality/anonymity principles (3 ways)
1. Replace names/addresses with id's
2. Specify if survey is anonymous or confidential
3. Specify info will not be disclosed to 3rd parties
26
Necessary cause
- Must occur for effect to occur
| - ex. being charged before being convicted
27
Belmont report
- ethical principles for protecting human rights
28
Ethical
- Conforming to the norms or standards a group
29
Informed consent
- Agreement to participate in research after being informed about goals, procedures and potential risks
30
Special populations
- Groups such as prisoners or juveniles that require special protections
31
Unit of Analysis (4)
- What/who is studied (not always what/who was observed)
| - Individual, group, organization, social artifacts
32
Individual (UOFA)
- examine characteristics within specific population
| - ex. police, victims
33
Groups (UOFA)
- Examine characteristics of groups as unitary entities
| - Ex. gangs, cities
34
Organizations (UOFA)
Examine formal groups within est. leaders/rules
| -ex. prisons, drug treatment
35
Social Artifacts (UOFA)
- Examine characteristics of social behaviours and events
| - ex. police reports, internet posts
36
Cross-sectional studies
- single point in time observed
- simple, less costly
- usually descriptive or exploratory
- limits conclusions about cause and effect order
37
Longitudinal studies
Permit observations over time
38
Trend studies
- Studies change within a general population over time
39
cohort studies
- Studies change in specific population over time
40
Panel
Like cohort, but some participants are studied 2x or more
41
Conception
- Mental image
42
Concept
- Word, label, phrase
43
Conceptualization
- Definition of concepts that have indicators and multiple attributes
44
Operationalization
- Specific definitions of plan for how to measure concepts
45
Measurement
- Details of making direct observations based on above (5 W's and H)
46
Exhaustive
- All attributes of variables observed
| ex. Include all races in race question
47
Mutually Exclusive
- Each observation has only one attribute
| - Check off one block? some people are in between
48
Nominal
- Names/labels are attributes
49
Ordinal
- Attributes can be rank-ordered
- Can determine highest but not difference btwn
- ex. education, race scores, opinions
50
Interval
- Meaningful distance btwn attributes
- No zero
- ex. temperature, IQ
51
Ratio
- Has true zero point
| - ex. Age, income, # of years in school
52
Reliability
- If we measure same thing repeatedly, will it yield same results?
- Problem = Reification
53
Reification
- May not measure what you say regardless of getting the same results
54
Measurement Validity
- Does measurement = reality?
55
Test-Retest
- Same measure = same result each time
56
Inter-rate reliability
- Different raters used to verify measurement consistency
| - ex. fill out checklists in same way
57
Split-half method
- Measure concept more than one-way
| - Do all questions equally predict phenomena observed
58
UCR (uniform crime responses) data
- Summary based group level unit of analysis
- Details of reported and cleared crimes/offenders
- Data collection/reporting=standardized
- Unit of analysis= incidents (social artifacts)
59
Victimization surveys
- Data on ind/incidents (social artifacts)
- GSS
- every 5 years
- Ask about 8 type 1 offences
60
Self-report surveys
- Offenders
| - Often confidential interviews or anonymous survey, usually w/ youth
Crime 1208
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
# Cards
