Test 2

Question 1

What is the humanistic perspective in psychology often referred to as?

Answer 1

the “third force”

It aimed to supplant behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

Question 2

What does the humanistic perspective focus on?

Answer 2

• Uniqueness of humanity
• Desire to be productive
• Reaching goals
• Healthy behavior

It assumes humans are basically good.

Question 3

What is the phenomenological approach?

Answer 3

Appreciating individuals’ personal, subjective experiences

This is essential to truly understand their behavior.

Question 4

List the tenets of the Humanistic Perspective.

Answer 4

• Study humans, not nonhuman animals
• Subjective reality is the primary guide for behavior
• Study individuals, not groups
• Focus on enriching the human experience
• Research should help solve human problems
• Goal of psychology: complete description of being human

These tenets guide the humanistic approach to psychology.

Question 5

What does Maslow’s Holistic-Dynamic Theory stress?

Answer 5

• Unity of the organism
• Motivational aspects of personality

It emphasizes the importance of understanding the whole person.

Question 6

Define self-actualization.

Answer 6

The innate human tendency toward wholeness

It represents the highest level of human motivation.

Question 7

What are the first four levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs called?

Answer 7

Deficit needs or D-Needs

Being deficiency-motivated can prevent self-actualization.

Question 8

What are neurotic needs?

Answer 8

Nonproductive needs that block psychological health

They are opposed to basic needs.

Question 9

List the characteristics of self-actualizing people.

Answer 9

• Efficient perception of reality
• Acceptance of self, others, and nature
• High self-esteem
• Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
• Problem-centered
• Need for privacy
• Autonomy
• Continued freshness of appreciation
• Peak experiences
• Gemeinschaftsgefuhl (social interest)

These traits contribute to their overall well-being.

Question 10

What is the Jonah Complex?

Answer 10

The fear of being or doing one’s best

It represents a barrier to self-actualization.

Question 11

What does being motivated involve according to Maslow?

Answer 11

Embracing higher values of human existence

This includes goodness, beauty, truth, and justice.

Question 13

What are Rogers’ 3 basic assumptions about human behaviour?

Answer 13

• Behaviour is goal-directed
• People have a potential for growth
• How individuals see the world determines how they behave

These assumptions form the foundation of Person-Centered Theory.

Question 14

What is the Formative Tendency in Rogers’ theory?

Answer 14

The tendency in all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms

This concept highlights the natural progression towards complexity in both individuals and systems.

Question 15

Define Actualizing Tendency according to Rogers.

Answer 15

The tendency within all people to move toward the completion or fulfillment of their potential

This is a core concept in understanding human motivation in Person-Centered Theory.

Question 16

What does Organismic Self refer to?

Answer 16

A more general term than self-concept, referring to the entire person, including aspects beyond awareness

It encompasses all physiological and psychological aspects of a person.

Question 17

List the Maintenance & Enhancement Needs according to Maslow.

Answer 17

• Maintenance needs: food, water, shelter
• Enhancement needs: the need to grow, achieve, and learn

These needs are categorized as ‘d needs’ and ‘B needs’ respectively.

Question 18

What is Self-Actualization in Rogers’ theory?

Answer 18

A subsystem of the actualizing tendency, the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness

It involves moving from simple to complex forms of self-realization.

Question 19

What is the difference between Self-concept and Ideal self?

Answer 19

• Self-concept: How do you see yourself
• Ideal self: Who we would like to be

The ideal self can often be unrealistic, leading to feelings of incongruence.

Question 20

Define Incongruence.

Answer 20

The gap between the real self and the ideal self

This concept is influenced by societal expectations and can lead to psychological distress.

Question 21

What is the Organismic Valuing Process?

Answer 21

The process by which experiences are valued according to optimal enhancement of the organism and self

It encourages individuals to live authentically and follow what feels right.

Question 22

What is Positive Regard?

Answer 22

The need to receive love, sympathy, and acceptance from key people in our lives

It is essential for healthy psychological development.

Question 23

Define Positive Self-Regard.

Answer 23

The experience of valuing oneself

This concept is crucial for self-esteem and personal growth.

Question 24

What are Conditions of Worth?

Answer 24

Restrictions or qualifications attached to one’s person regarding another

Examples include beliefs like ‘I have to be charming to receive acceptance.’

Question 25

How does Rogers define **Anxiety**?

Answer 25

A state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown ## Footnote It often arises from incongruence between self-concept and reality.

Question 26

What is the feeling of **Threat** in Rogers' theory?

Answer 26

The feeling that results when we become aware that our self is no longer totally congruent ## Footnote This awareness can lead to defensive behaviors.

Question 27

Define **Defensiveness**.

Answer 27

Protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by denial and distortion of experiences ## Footnote It serves as a coping mechanism for incongruence.

Question 28

What is **Distortion** in the context of Rogers' theory?

Answer 28

Misinterpretation of an experience so that it fits into some aspect of the self-concept ## Footnote This is similar to Freud's concept of rationalization.

Question 29

What is **Denial**?

Answer 29

The blocking of an experience from awareness because it is inconsistent with the self-concept ## Footnote It can lead to disorganization if the gap between self-concept and reality is too great.

Question 30

What are the **3 Conditions Necessary for Human Growth**?

Answer 30

* Unconditional positive regard * Empathy * Congruence ## Footnote These conditions must be provided by a psychologically healthy individual.

Question 31

What does **The Person of Tomorrow** refer to?

Answer 31

The fully functioning human, the psychologically healthy individual evolving into their potential ## Footnote This concept emphasizes continuous personal growth.

Question 32

List the **characteristics of a fully functioning person**.

Answer 32

* Openness to experience * Existential living * Trust in feelings and self * Experience freedom in thought and action * High degree of creativity * Maintain harmonious relationships * Continual need to maximize potential ## Footnote These characteristics reflect a healthy psychological state.

Question 33

What is **Client Centred Therapy**?

Answer 33

An insight therapy that helps people evaluate the world and themselves from their own perspective ## Footnote Rogers likened it to teaching someone to ride a bike.

Question 34

What are the **3 Essential Characteristics to Create an Ideal Therapeutic Climate**?

Answer 34

* Counselor Congruence * Unconditional Positive Regard * Empathetic Listening ## Footnote These characteristics are crucial for effective therapy.

Question 35

Define **Counselor Congruence**.

Answer 35

The matching of organismic experiences with awareness and the ability to express these experiences ## Footnote It requires authenticity from the therapist.

Question 36

What is **Empathetic Listening**?

Answer 36

The accurate sensing of the feelings of another and the communication of these perceptions ## Footnote It involves understanding without necessarily agreeing.

Question 37

What is the **Q-Sort Technique**?

Answer 37

An inventory technique where subjects sort self-referent statements into piles ## Footnote It helps individuals reflect on their self-perception and aspirations.