Test 2

Question 1

What makes up the different layers of the blood?

Answer 1

Plasma
Buffy Coat - white blood cells
Red blood cells- eythrocytes

Question 2

What are platelets?

Answer 2

Disc-shaped cell fragments in your blood whose main job is to help stop bleeding.

Question 3

Where do lymphocytes and monocytes derive from?

Answer 3

derive from myeloid stem cell line

Question 4

Where do T-lymphocytes mature

Answer 4

In the thymus

Question 5

What do your neutrophils do?

Answer 5

Fight infections

Question 6

Process of red blood cell production is known as?

Answer 6

Erythropoiesis

Question 7

What does oxygen bind to in red blood cells

Answer 7

Hemoglobin

Question 8

How is oxygen transported

Answer 8

By binding to hemoglobin

Question 9

Quagilation cascade intrinsic and extrinsic pathways:

Answer 9

the extrinsic pathway, triggered by external tissue damage and tissue factor, which is faster and initiates clotting rapidly; and the intrinsic pathway, activated by internal blood vessel damage (like exposed collagen), which is slower and more complex

Question 10

Components of prothrombin

Answer 10

Factor Xa
Factor Va
Calcium ions
Phospholipids

Question 11

What do platelets lack?

Answer 11

a cell nucleus

Question 12

Passive Immunity and
Secondary immunity

Answer 12

Passive immunity: temporary protection by introducing pre-made antibodies from an external source

Secondary Immunity: response is the body’s rapid, long-lasting reaction to a second exposure to an antigen it has already “seen” and developed memory for.

Question 13

Which response has a shorter lag phase for which antibodies peak?

Answer 13

secondary immune response

Question 14

What happens when the names of those cells clump together

Answer 14

I dont know

Question 15

Which T-cell will break down the plasma membrane so that enzymes enter?

Answer 15

A cytotoxic T-cell

Question 16

What do neutrophils do in the second stage of the inflammatory response?

Answer 16

migrate to the injury site and perform several functions to eliminate pathogens, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and the formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

Question 17

What are your cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 17

1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

Question 18

What kind of immunity exists even in the absence of a stimulus?

Answer 18

Innate immunity

Question 19

What type of MALT is in different portions of small intestine

Answer 19

Gut-associated Lymphoid Tissue

Question 20

What would you expect to see on the breakdown of their blood count if they had an infection? What would be elevated

Answer 20

Elevated white blood cell count

Question 21

What do B cells produce?

Answer 21

Antibodies

Question 22

Cells on display portions of their pathogens they ingest on their plasma membrane called?

Answer 22

antigen-presenting cells (APCS)

Question 23

The process by which pathogens are coated with protein makes phagocytes bind more strongly during phagocytosis.

Answer 23

opsonization

Question 24

One major histocompatibility complex are

Answer 24

MHC molecules

Question 25

Basic function of the respiratory system:

Answer 25

To supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide through the processes of ventilation and gas exchange.

Question 26

Advantages of breathing through your nose rather than mouth

Answer 26

filtering, warming, and humidifying the air, which protects the lungs from irritants, while also promoting deeper breathing and better oxygenation of the blood and brain

Question 27

What is the larynx responsible for?

Answer 27

breathing, speaking, and swallowing

Question 28

What produces surfactants?

Answer 28

Specialized type 2 alveolar cells in the lungs

Question 29

What is surfactant?

Answer 29

a chemical compound that lowers the surface tension between two liquids, a gas and a liquid, or a liquid and a solid

Question 30

Coupling the blood flow with the amount of air reaching the alveoli is known as?

Answer 30

ventilation-perfusion

Question 31

Carbon and dioxide combine to form what?

Answer 31

Carbon-dioxide

Question 32

How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?

Answer 32

as a dissolved gas in plasma, bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells, or as bicarbonate ions

Question 33

What is emphysema?

Answer 33

a chronic lung disease that causes progressive shortness of breath by damaging the air sacs in your lungs

Question 34

What are respiratory acidosis and alkalosis?

Answer 34

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide, leading to a lower blood pH, while respiratory alkalosis happens when hyperventilation removes too much carbon dioxide, causing a higher blood pH

Question 35

Proper pathway through which air comes into the body?

Answer 35

through the nose or mouth, then travels down the pharynx and larynx before entering the trachea (windpipe). The trachea then splits into two bronchi, which enter the lungs and further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles

Question 36

What is Boyle's law?

Answer 36

for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Question 37

What determines airway resistance?

Answer 37

the diameter of the airways, airflow velocity, and lung volume

Question 38

What increases the amount of oxygen unloaded by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

Answer 38

High CO2 Low pH and High temperature

Question 39

What counteracts bicarbonate from red blood cells

Answer 39

Chloride shift