Test 3

Question 1

Basic Digestive System Functions and Processes, but specifically about absorption.

Answer 1

?

Question 2

Alimentary Canal from deep to superficial

Answer 2

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Question 3

What happens in the oral cavity?

Answer 3

food is ingested
and broken down mechanically through chewing by the teeth and manipulated by the tongue.
Bolus is also formed to help this process

Question 4

When food enters the mouth what catabolizes carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Salivary amylase

Question 5

As food travels down what region of the stomach does it first enter

Answer 5

Cardia

Question 6

Secretions of the stomach, specefically gastric cells.
What cells release what

Answer 6

?

Question 7

Not a main role of the stomach?

Answer 7

Absorption

Question 8

Stomach performs 3 primary functions, but one thing it isn’t really responsible for.

Answer 8

Absorption

Question 9

What hormone increases acid secretion in the stomach?

Answer 9

ghrelin and acetylcholine

Question 10

Where does the chyme go after leaving the stomach?

Answer 10

Duodenum

Question 11

What prevents bacteria and materials in the large intestine from flowing backward into the ileum of the small intestine?

Answer 11

ileocecal valve

Question 12

Different structures of the colon

Answer 12

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections, along with unique features like the teniae coli (longitudinal muscle bands), haustra (sacculations), and epiploic appendages

Question 13

Rectum and defecation. What is under voluntary control?

Answer 13

Defecation is under voluntary control

Question 14

What would happen if you had an inadequate amount of stomach acid? How would that affect your digestion?

Answer 14

Malabsorption/Poor digestion

Question 15

Pancreas has exocrine secretions by acinar cells. What do those secrete?

Answer 15

Pancreatic Juice

Question 16

Myenteric Plexus

Answer 16

a nerve network in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines that controls gut motility, or movement, like peristalsis

Question 17

Round ligament and falciform and what they separate

Answer 17

Falciform separates the left and right lobe of the liver

Question 18

What part of the Esophagus is composed of smooth muscle only?

Answer 18

The lower third

Question 19

Which of the following is not a structure designed to increase surface area of small intestine? But what are meant to increase the surface area?

Answer 19

Circular folds, villi, and micro villi

Question 20

Which organ functions to absorb significant quantities of water, electrolytes, and vitamins?

Answer 20

Large intestine

Question 21

Define metabolism

Answer 21

The sum of the bodies chemical reaction

Question 22

The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose is what?

Answer 22

Catabolism

Question 23

Substances that lose electrons are what?

Answer 23

Reducing agent

Question 24

Electron transfer reactions are termed oxidation what reactions?

Answer 24

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 25

What do you need for glycolysis to occur?

Answer 25

Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP and 4 P

Question 26

How many NET ATP are produced as a result of glycolysis

Answer 26

2 ATP

Question 27

Which process of cellular respiration is water produced?

Answer 27

Electron transport chain

Question 28

When looking at the electron transport chain which ions are pumped against there concentration gradient?

Answer 28

hydrogen ions

Question 29

Kidney failure: What would you expect to see in the blood?

Answer 29

High levels "BUN" and creatine

Question 30

Process of storing glucose what is that known as?

Answer 30

Glycogenesis

Question 31

To conserve glucose for the cells of the nervous system during glucose sparing. what would the body preferentially catabolize?

Answer 31

Fats and ketone bodies

Question 32

Hormones of feeding, regulation of feeding. Different hormones

Answer 32

Ghrelin is the hunger hormone Leptin is promoting fullness

Question 33

Different ways heat is exchanged through the body and the environments

Answer 33

Conduction, Convection, Evaporation

Question 34

Difference between micro nutrients, macro, and essential nutrients

Answer 34

Macro = Needed in large amounts for energy Micro = less is needed for metabolic processes Essential Nutrients = Nutrients that is needed from food.

Question 35

Feeding is controlled by the nuclei in what?

Answer 35

hypothalamus

Question 36

What do endergonic reactions need to proceed.

Answer 36

an input of free agency

Question 37

The electron transport chain. The very end of it.

Answer 37

Molecular Oxygen

Question 38

What is Creatine phosphate to ADP called? What is it classified as?

Answer 38

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 39

Positions of kidneys right to left in the body. How is urine transported

Answer 39

Urine travels from each kidney down its ureter to the bladder for storage, then exits the body via the urethra

Question 40

What is urethra poiten?

Answer 40

Pain in your urethra

Question 41

The indentations on the kidneys and what is it?

Answer 41

The Hilium

Question 42

Parts of the nephron loop.

Answer 42

the Descending Limb, permeable to water to absorb it, and the Ascending Limb, permeable to ions (salt) but not water, actively pumping them out

Question 43

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Answer 43

?

Question 44

Where does the process of filtration occur?

Answer 44

Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

Question 45

Tubular reabsoprtion

Answer 45

the process in the kidneys where useful substances like water, glucose, and electrolytes are moved from the tubular fluid back into the blood

Question 46

What is the main force that promotes filtration?

Answer 46

blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 47

What acts to restore the Glomular filtration rate. what has to change to effect and restore the GFR

Answer 47

meyogenic mechanisms, tubuloglomerular feed back, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Question 48

What triggers the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

Answer 48

a drop in blood pressure or blood volume

Question 49

What is coupled with glucose reabsorption in the early part of the proximal tubule?

Answer 49

Sodium Ions

Question 50

When would you likely see concentrated urine vs diluted urine?

Answer 50

Dehydrated, sweating a lot, vomiting or first thing in the morning.

Question 51

What is typical of urine?

Answer 51

a pale yellow, clear liquid with a mild odor, ranging from colorless to deep amber depending on hydration

Question 52

Understand the micturition reflex

Answer 52

neural process that triggers urination, coordinated by the brain and spinal cord to empty the bladder

Question 53

Order of blood flow pathway through the kidney.

Answer 53

enters the kidney via the Renal Artery, , interlobar, arcuate, and interlobular arteries, then into afferent arterioles glomerulus, exiting via efferent arterioles to peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta) and then venous drainage (interlobular, arcuate, interlobar veins) before returning to the Renal Vein and heart

Question 54

What is the GFR?

Answer 54

a measure of how well your kidneys filter waste from your blood per minute

Question 55

What makes up Renal cortex, medulla, columns found in between?

Answer 55

extensions of the cortex containing blood vessels and tubules

Question 56

What is ADH?

Answer 56

a hormone that regulates water balance in the body by affecting the kidneys' reabsorption of water