test 2: diversity

Question 1

domains

Answer 1

bacteria, archae, eukarya

Question 2

bacteria

Answer 2

• most common prokaryotes

- important in ecosystem (chemical recycling, ecological interactions)

Question 3

archaea

Answer 3

extreme environements

• extreme halophiles
• extreme thermophiles
• methanogens (anaerobic)

Question 4

big picture evolution for organisms

Answer 4

• bacteria first
• single celled organisms + incorporation of chlorplasts and mitochondrias
• multicellular organisms
• animal group radiates
• verterbrates evolve and move onto land

Question 5

eukarya kingdoms

Answer 5

protists, plants, fungi, animals

Question 6

cell walls

Answer 6

bacteria/archaea: peptidoglycan
protists/animals: none
plants: cellulose (can’t digest)
fungi: chitin (digest a little)

Question 7

capsule

Answer 7

sticky layer of polysaccharides on cell wall

• prokaryotes to stick to surface
• extra layer against desiccation

Question 8

fimbrae

Answer 8

hair like projections that help stick

Question 9

flagella

Answer 9

some species have them for movement, analogous structures

Question 10

nucleoid region

Answer 10

no nucleus, DNA clumped in one area of the cell

Question 11

aerobic

Answer 11

must use o2 for cellular respiration

Question 12

anaerobic

Answer 12

poisoned by o2

Question 13

facultative anaerobes

Answer 13

use o2 if present

Question 14

animals

Answer 14

heterophobic (ingest/breakdown)
multicellular
eukaryotic but no cell wall
muscle/nerve cells
sexual reproduction

Question 15

cephalization

Answer 15

sensory equipment concentrated at anterior end and a central nervous system

Question 16

segmentation

Answer 16

replicated organs and divisions (insects)

Question 17

radial symmetry

Answer 17

multiple planes (like pie)

Question 18

bilateral symmetry

Answer 18

1 plan with 2 equal halves

Question 19

appendage

Answer 19

limbs

Question 20

verterbrates - phylum cordata

Answer 20

1- notochord: dorsal, flexible supportive rod (spinal chord)
2- pharyngeal slits/pouches
3- dorsal hollow nerve cord
4- post-anal tail

Question 21

cambrian explosion

Answer 21

• animals diversified suddenly
• 535 million yrs ago
• before, all large animals were soft bodied herbivores
  ie: appearance of agressive predators
  big explosion of mutations

Question 22

important steps of vertebrate evolution

Answer 22

mineralized skeleton, paired fins, jaws, lungs, internal fertilization, tetrapod limbs, amniotic egg, flight

Question 23

urochordates and cephalochordates

Answer 23

tunicates and lancelets: very primitive members of chordata

Question 24

class myxini

Answer 24

hagfish, no real jaws/vertebrae, skull of cartilage, ratin notochord as flexible cartilage support

Question 25

class pretromyzontida

Answer 25

lampreys, jawless, no paired fins, cartilage skeleton, gill pouches

Question 26

class gnathostomes

Answer 26

subgroups: pacoderms, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes

Question 27

placoderms

Answer 27

- oldest - hinge structures and teeth - evolved from skeletal rods in gill slits - retained paired fins and gained a rudimentary tail

Question 28

chondrichthyes

Answer 28

- sharks, rays, marine predators - cartilage - some degree of parental care - true tail - internal fertilization - electrical field detection

Question 29

osteichthyes

Answer 29

subclass: actinopterygii and sarcopterygii

Question 30

actinopterygii

Answer 30

traditional body fish | - lungs to breath air and gills, swim bladder, parental care

Question 31

sarcopterygii

Answer 31

from here evolved animals with limbs

Question 32

actinista

Answer 32

coelacanth, believed to be extinct

Question 33

dipnoi

Answer 33

lungfish, gulp air at surface into lungs but have gills tetratops evolved from here (animals on all 4s, fins strong enough to crawl in mud, pectoral and pelvic fins replaced with feet and digits)

Question 34

amphibia

Answer 34

frogs, salamanders, caecilians, reproduce aquatically

Question 35

reptilia

Answer 35

1st fully terrestrial verterbrate - amniotic egg - internal fertilization - waterproof skin - flight - leg position

Question 36

amniotic egg

Answer 36

- no need for water to reproduce - full development on land yolk sac, amnion, allantois, chorion

Question 37

yolk sac

Answer 37

found in fishes, bigger, yolk enclosed in membrane | stockpile of nutrients for the embryo

Question 38

amnion

Answer 38

water filled sac around embryo, protects embryo from mechanical shocks (cushions)

Question 39

allantois

Answer 39

extension of urinary system (waste striage); blood vessels late in development allow for oxygen exchange

Question 40

chorion and shell

Answer 40

protective and waterproof, also allows exchange of gases between embryo and air (o2, co2)

Question 41

internal fertilization

Answer 41

- egg develops in mom and is laid - no more need for water - eggs not subject to predation in water, reptiles able to out compete amphibians

Question 42

waterproof skin

Answer 42

better heart and lungs, no need for external eater supply, better able to compete on land

Question 43

flight

Answer 43

dinosaurs gave rise to birds, birds grouped under theropods, feather may have enabled small dinosaurs to gain extra lift while running1gliding

Question 44

earliest known bird fossil

Answer 44

archaeopteryx

Question 45

adaptations for flight

Answer 45

no bladder, females have one ovary, no teeth, light porous bones, wings and feathers

Question 46

leg position

Answer 46

higher repitles are more efficient, legs more underneath weight supportedly mostly on bone movement faster and longer (crocodile limb position analogous)

Question 47

mammalia

Answer 47

hair, breasts, larger brain, 4 chamber heart, heterdont (different teeth) small early on, not diverse until dinosaurs died

Question 48

groups of mammals

Answer 48

monotremes, marsupials, placentals

Question 49

monotremes

Answer 49

platypus and spiny anteater (australia), evolved apart from other mammals, not ancestors of other mammals, lay shelled eggs and nurse young

Question 50

marsupials

Answer 50

australia (american ones went extinct), 3 week gestation then embryo crawls to pouch and nurses on mammary glands; outcompete by placentals