1
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Support
- Protection
- Assist with Movement
- Mineral Homeostasis
- Blood Cell Production (red bone marrow)
- Triglyceride Storage (yellow bone marrow)
2
Q
What are the parts of long bones?
A
- Diaphysis (bone shaft)
- 2 Epiphyses (both ends of the bone at the joints)
- 2 Metaphyses (region between diaphysis and epiphysis)
- Articular Cartilage (covering both epiphysis)
- Periosteum (connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis)
- Medullary Cavity (hollow space within diaphysis)
- Endosteum (thin membrane lining the medullary cavity)
3
Q
Why is calcium phosphate so important?
A
- It’s the most abundant mineral salt
- It combines with other mineral salts to calcify bones (harden bones)
4
Q
What are the 4 types of bone cells?
A
- Osteoprogenitor cells (bone stem cells able to differentiate into other types of cells)
- Osteoblasts (bone-building cells that secrete matrix)
- Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
- Osteoclasts (remodel bones and cause them to release calcium)
5
Q
What are some characteristics of compact bone?
A
- good at providing protection and support
- contain osteons
6
Q
What are some characteristics of spongy bone?
A
- Lightweight
- Provides tissue support
- Do not contain osteons
- Always on the interior of the bone
- Irregular thin columns called: trabeculae
- oriented precisely along lines of stress
7
Q
Why does bone have to form?
A
During infancy, childhood, and adolescence, bones throughout the body grow in thickness by appositional growth, and long bones lengthen by the addition of bone material on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate by interstitial growth.
8
Q
What is Intramembranous Ossification?
A
- The simpler of the 2 methods of bone development
- Occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone
- flat bones of skull, facial bones, mandible, medial part of clavical
- Development of ossification center
- Calcification
- Formation of trabeculae
- Development of periosteum
9
Q
What is Endochondral Ossification?
A
- Replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus, forms within hyaline cartilage
- Occurs at epiphyseal plates
- Long bones mostly
- Development of the cartilage model made of hyaline cartilage, lined with perichondrium
- Growth of cartilage model
- interstitial growth (from within, increase in length)
- appositional growth (growth of outer surface)
- Development of primary ossification center (central to ends) (inwards)
- Development of medullary cavity (marrow)
- Devlopment of secondary ossification centers (develop around time of birth,outwards from center of epiphysis)
- Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate responsible for lengthwise growth
10
Q
What is the epiphyseal plate and what are the 4 zones associated with it?
A
It is the growth plate that lengthens bone. It closes when adolescence ends.
- Zone of Resting Cartilage (cells here do not function in bone growth)
- Zone of Proliferating Cartilage (larger chondrocytes, interstitial growth, divide and secrete extracellular matrix)
- Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage (large maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns)
- Zone of Calcified Cartilage (final zone, mostly dead chondrocytes)
11
Q
What is appositional growth?
A
- At surface periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
- Ridges form around periosteal blood vessel
- Ridges fold together and fuse eventually
- Osteoblasts in endosteum form new concentric lamellae
- Osteoclasts allow for thickening of medullary cavity
12
Q
What happens during bone growth and remodeling?
A
- Bone continually renews itself
- Bone resorption (oseoclasts)
- Bone deposition (osteoblasts)
- Interaction between the 2 = remodeling
13
Q
How does a bone repair? What are the phases?
A
- The healing process involves 3 different phases in 4 steps:
- The reactive phase is an early inflammatory phase
- The reparative phase includes formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus first and a bony callus second
- The bone remodeling phase is the last step as the bony callus is remodeled
14
Q
Open (Compound) Bone Fracture
A
15
Q
Comminuted Bone Fracture
A
16
Q
Greenstick Bone Fracture
A
17
Q
Impacted Bone Fracture
A
18
Q
Pott Bone Fracture
A
19
Q
Colles Bone Fracture
A
20
Q
What role does calcitonin and parathyroid hormone play in the skeletal system?
A
21
Q
What makes up the axial skeleton?
A
- 80 bones total
- Skull
- Cranium (8)
- Face (14)
- Hyoid bone (1)
- Auditory Ossicles (6)
- Vertebral Column (26)
- Thorax
- Sternum (1)
- Ribs (24)
22
Q
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
A
- 126 bones total
- Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
- Clavicle (2)
- Scapula (2)
- Upper limbs
- Humerus (2)
- Ulna (2)
- Radius (2)
- Carpals (16)
- Metacarpals (10)
- Phalanges (28)
- Radius (2)
- Pelvic (hip) girdles
- Femur (2)
- Patella (2)
- Fibula (2)
- Tibia (2)
- Tarsals (14)
- Metatarsals (10)
- Phalanges (28)
23
Q
What are some different characteristic types of bones?
A
- Long (greater seed length than width)
- Short (cube shaped)
- Flat (thin layers of parallel plates)
- Irregular (complex shapes)
- Sesamoid (shaped like a sesame seed)
- Sutural bones are small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones
- Sutures are the jointed areas where flat bones come together
24
Q
What are the different types of bone surface markings?
A
There are two major types of surface markings:
- Depressions and openings
- Allow the passage of soft tissues
- Form joints
- Processes
- Projections or outgrowths that form joints
- Serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons
25
What is a fissure?
Narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerve
26
What is a foramen?
a hole for passage of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
27
What is a fossa?
a shallow depression
28
What is a sulcus
a furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
29
What is a meatus?
a tubelike opening
30
What is a condyle?
a rounded projection with a smooth articular surface
31
What is a facet?
a smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface
32
What is a head?
usually rounded articular process supported on a neck
33
What is a crest?
a prominent ridge or elongated process
34
What is an epicondyle?
usually roughened projection on a condyle
35
What is a line?
a long, narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)
36
What bones make up the cranium vs. the facial regions?
Cranial bones: form cranial cavity, protect the brain (8 bones)
2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, 1 occipital bone, 1 frontal bone, 1 sphenoid bone, 1 ethmoid bone
Facial bones: form the face (14 bones)
2 maxilla bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 nasal bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 1 mandible, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae,
1 vomer bone
37
What are the paranasal sinuses and what do they do?
The paranasal sinuses are mucous membrane-lined cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones. They are used as resonating (echo) chambers to enhance the voice as well as structures that increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa and help to moisten it as well
38
What are the fontanels?
Fontanels are mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones present at birth. They close up beginning at 6 months of age through 2 years (depending on the fontanel)
Anterior fontanelà closes 18-24 months after birth
Posterior fontanelà closes 2 months after birth
Th "soft spots" on a baby's skull
A&P Cod
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Ch 1 - Directional Terms13
-
Chapter 1 - Intro to the Human Body - Vocab67
-
Ch 4 - The Tissue Level of Organization21
-
P1 Structure List - Tissue Histology29
-
P1 Structure List - Integumentary System21
-
Test 2 Study Guide/Objectives38
-
Ch 11 - Muscular System - Characteristics Used to Name Muscles37
-
Ch 11 - Muscular System103
-
Ch 19 - CV System - The Blood37
-
Ch 22 - Lymphatic System24
-
Ch 22 & 23 - Lymphatic & Respiratory Structure List128
-
Ch 24-27 - Digestive & Urinary Structure List125
