What is a Present Active Indicative?
A present active indicative is the form of a verb used to describe an action that normally occurs in the present time. (I am believing or I am studying, etc.)
Note that:
-present is the Tense-form
-Active is the Voice
-Indicative is the mood
Greek verbs carry two connotations; aspect and time. Describe the difference between aspect and time.
Aspect is the ability of a verb to indicate what type of action is being described. (i.e. continuous or instantaneous, etc.)
whereas time refers to when the action occurs.
Note: According to Mounce, aspect always takes precedence over time)
What are the two (of the three) aspects of verbs learned about in Chapter 15?
1.) The perfective aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as a simple event. (does not indicate precise nature of event)
2.) The imperfective aspect means the action of the verb is thought of as an ongoing process.
Whate are the Present Active Indicative personal endings for the verb λύω?
1st sg: λύ_ω_
2nd sg: λύ_εις_
3rd sg: λύ_ει_
1st pl: λύο_μεν_
2nd pl: λύε_τε_
3rd pl: λυου_σι(ν)_
What are the 5 main tense-forms in Greek?
-Present
-Future
-Imperfect
-Aorist
-Perfect
What does the tense-form indicate? and
The tense-form tells us when they are doing the action (time).
It is either past, present, or future.
*see 5 main tense-forms for actual grammar categories, i.e. present, future, imperfect, etc.
What is a Contract verb?
A Contract verb is a verb whose roots end in α, ε, or ο.
What are the first 5 rules on contraction of verbs?
- ου is formed from εο, οε, and οο
- ει is formed from εε
- ω is formed from almost any combination of ο or ω with any other vowel, except rule 1. (i.e. αο becomes ω)
- α is formed from αε
- η is formed from εα
What is a transitive verb?
A transitive verb is one that carries the force of its action over to an object.
in other words, transitive verbs require a direct object.
What is an intransitive verb?
An intransitive verb does not carry its action over to an object.
There will not be a direct object.
What is the singular and plural forms of the Greek verb εἰμί and their respective meanings?
1st sg ειμι (I am)
2nd sg ει (you are)
3rd sg εστιν (he/she/it is)
1st pl εσμε(ν) (we are)
2nd pl εστε (ya’ll are)
3rd pl εισιν (They are)
What are the 5 challenges in producing translations according to your student course packet? (see pp 104-105)
- Semantic Range
- Vocabulary
- Syntax
- Figures of speech
- Register
Regarding the difficulties of translations - what is syntax?
Syntax includes things such as word order, use of articles, and implied pronouns.
-Translation is difficult because the word order in Greek is not the same as in English.
- another example is the use of articles where Greek includes “the” before certain names and nouns where in English we would not pronounce the article. (i.e. ὁ θεος)
Regarding the difficulties of translations - what is register?
Register is adapting the language/style to differing circumstances, occasion, purpose or audience.
register can be low, medium, or high.
low register examples would be texting, comic books, or 6th grade level writing.
medium register would be a magazine, beach reading, or theater
high register would include legal documents or journals.
What are the three main strategies for translating scripture? And, what is the goal for each type of translation?
- paraphrastic - “idea for idea” The purpose is maximize readability
- dynamic equivalent - “sense-for-sense” The purpose is to balance readability with lexical/syntactic mapping
- formal equivalence - “word for word” (when possible). The goal is to closely map to the original wording and syntax as possible.
What are examples of translations that are paraphrastic, dynamic equivalence, and formal equivalence?
kid’s bibles, or the message would be on the end of the spectrum toward the paraphrastic translations.
formal equivalence translations would include the NASB, and KJV. these are on the furthest end of the word for word translation.
Dynamic equivalence which is roughly in the middle of the translation spectrum may include the NIV or NIRV.
What does the phrase “διά τί” mean?
“διά τί” is an idion meaning “Why?”
What are the endings to Present Middle (and Passive) indicative verbs?
ο - μαι
ε - σαι (becomes ῃ or ᾳ in most cases)
ε - ται
ο - μεθα
ε - σθε
ο - νται
I have separated the connecting vowel and the case ending for illustrative purposes
What are some ways to determine if a verb is either middle or passive?
- Some verbs are middle only (deponent)
- But primarily, if the verb is followed by ὑπό with the genitive (by) or with a dative (i.e. τῳ) that shows the agent of the action, translate it as passive.
- Middle-only verbs (active) fall into two categories: grooming and movement.
- context
Define Voice as it relates to Tense/Voice/Mood?
Voice can be defined as:
The relationship of the nominative to the action of the verb.
Middle and passive verbs are on a spectrum of “subject affectedness.” How does the workbook distinguish between a “true” middle and a “true” passive?
Regarding subject affectedness:
A true Middle expresses a sense of self-interest, reflexivity, or permission.
A true Passive expresses a patient being acted upon by an agent.
What are the 3 categories of “Pattern 1” verbs.
Category:
1.) Roots ending in ι or υ
2.) Contract verbs
3.) Roots ending in a stop
What is the Future Middle Indicative of εἰμί?
Root is εσ
1 sg εσομαι (I will be)
2 sg εσῃ (You will be)
3 sg εσται (He/she/it will be)
1 pl εσομεθα (We will be)
2 pl εσεσθε (You all will be)
3 pl εσονται (They will be)
ειμι just happens to take a middle ending in the future tense.
also you would expect the third person singular to be εσεται but the ε just drops out.
What are the Future Active Indicative endings?
1 sg σ + ω
2 sg σ + εις
3 sg σ + ει
1 pl σ + ομεν
2 pl σ + ετε
3 pl σ + ουσι(ν)
Pattern 1 verb endings for future tense are identical to present tense.
