What caused the Opium War between Britain and China?
China’s ban on opium imports in response to widespread addiction, which Britain refused to respect, led to war.
Who were the Boxers?
A nationalist group that attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians to remove foreign influence.
What were Sun Yat-Sen’s three main goals?
To end foreign domination, form a representative government, and create economic security.
Treaty of Nanjing and
Gave Britain control of Hong Kong
Opened five Chinese ports and were treated under British law, not Chinese law, greatly expanded the British presence in China
opium war dates
1839-1842
What caused the Mughal Empire’s decline?
fighting with Muslims and Hindus led to its collapse.
What was the British East India Company’s role in India?
It controlled territories and made laws, operating as a private corporation with its own army.
Who were the sepoys?
Native Indian soldiers recruited and led by the British East India Company.
What sparked the Sepoy Uprising?
Resentment over British disrespect, cultural insensitivity, and economic exploitation.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Plassey?
British victory that solidified Company control over India.
Mughal Empire dates
1526–1757
Mughal Empire definition
Muslim-ruled empire that fractured due to religious tensions and decline.
What social groups made up France’s Three Estates?
1st Estate: Clergy; 2nd Estate: Nobility; 3rd Estate: peasants
Why did the Third Estate form the National Assembly?
To create a constitution and gain political representation.
What was the purpose of the Reign of Terror?
To eliminate enemies of the revolution via mass executions.
How did Napoleon come to power?
By leading a coup d’état against the Directory in 1799.
What was significant about Napoleon crowning himself emperor?
It showed he claimed authority independent of the Pope and the Church.
Name one major legal reform introduced by Napoleon.
The Napoleonic Code
What educational reform did Napoleon implement?
Established public schools called lycées.
What was one major territorial transaction Napoleon made with the U.S.?
Sold the Louisiana Territory in 1803.
Who led the Haitian Revolution?
Toussaint L’Ouverture.
What major change came from the Haitian Revolution?
Abolition of slavery and Haitian independence.
What triggered the Mexican Revolution?
Long-term dictatorship under Porfirio Diaz and social inequality.
What political party dominated Mexico after the revolution?
PRI
