1
Q
- 2 membranes
- inner has projections called Cristae where enzymes are found
- responsible for cell respiration
A
Mitochondria
2
Q
Using oxygen and sugar to get ATP
A
Cell respiration
3
Q
- make proteins (protein synthesis)
- may float in the cytoplasm or attach to ER making the rough ER
- very numerous and tiny
A
Ribosomes
4
Q
- fluid-filled canals
- substances get canned from one part of the cell to another (mostly proteins)
A
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
5
Q
Protein fold into functional shapes
A
Rough ER
6
Q
Cholesterol synthesis/breakdown, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs
A
Smooth ER
7
Q
- near nucleus
- modifies and packages proteins
- *proteins ready to leave cell sweep and pitch off, migrate to cell membrane, fuse with it and export from the cell
A
Golgi apparatus
8
Q
- contains digestive enzymes
- get rid of harmful substance
- rupture of lysosomes means self-destruction of the cell
A
Lysosomes
9
Q
- membranes sacs with oxidase enzymes use these to detoxify substances
- *convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water numerous in kidney and liver cells
A
Peroxide
10
Q
- internal framework
- determines cells shape
- support other organelles
- intercellular transport
- various cell movements
A
Cytoskeleton
11
Q
Cytoplasm is made of?
A
- Microtubules
- Intermediate filaments
- Microfilaments
12
Q
Cell division, cell shape, organelle distribution
A
Microtubules
13
Q
Help to form desmosomes
A
Intermediate filaments
14
Q
Cell mobility and changes in cell shape
A
Microfilaments
15
Q
- parked near nucleolus, rod-shaped, lie at 90 degree angles to each other
- made of Microtubules, make mitotic spindle during cell division
A
Centrioles
16
Q
- whiplike extensions of cell, move substances along cell surface
- centrioles and Microtubules make these
- found in respiratory and reproductive system
A
Cilia
17
Q
- only cell in humans with flagellum is sperm propels cell
- longer than cilia
A
Flagella
18
Q
- order of events are always set
- some cells that zipe through and make news where as many take time
A
Mitosis
19
Q
- at the end, genetic information is replicated (copied)
- between phase
A
- Interphase
20
Q
- nuclear membrane breaks apart
- centrioles migrate to poles (ends)
A
- Prophase
21
Q
- spindle fibers from between the centrioles
- chromatin has formed distinct structures - chromosomes (46 in human cells)
- chromosomes attach themselves to spindle fibers
A
- Prophase
22
Q
-chromosomes line up at the equator (middle)
A
- Metaphase
23
Q
-chromosomes split apart, move toward the poles
A
- Anaphase
24
Q
- the cell pinches in at the equator
- nuclear membrane reform
- spindles break apart
- cytoplasm completely divides - cytokinesis -> 2 daughter cells
A
- Telophase
25
- how cells get energy - occurs in mitochondria
- -two reactants:
1. Oxygen - breathing
2. Glucose - eating
Eq: 602 + C6H12O6 ---> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38ATP
Cellular Respiration/Aerobic Respiration
26
- without oxygen
- cells use glucose
Eq: glucose --> carbon dioxide + lactic acid +2ATP
Anaerobic Respiration/lactic acid fermentation
27
- making proteins from amino acids
- this occurs in ribosomes
- there are 20 different amino acids
- DNA directs the process of protein synthesis
1. DNA partially "unzips" and next to the open bases, mRNA forms (messager)
2. mRNA then breaks off from DNA and carries its message (coded) to a ribosome
Proteins synthesis
28
3 RNA bases (triplets)
Codon
29
```
DNA/RNA
T-A
A-U
C-G
-----
C-G
A-U
G-C
-----
G-C
T-A
C-G
-----
A-U
T-A
G-C
```
DNA/RNA
30
Involves cell (plasma) membrane
Cell transport
31
No energy form the cell is needed
Passive transport
32
Spreading of molecules, movement of molecules from a point of high and low concentration
Diffusion
33
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membranes
Osmosis
34
- Distilled water
| - cells will swell (burst)
Hypotonic solution
35
- 70% water solution
| - cell doesn't change size
Isotonic Solution
36
- 30% water
- salt solution
- cell loses water and it will shrinks
Hypertonic Solution
37
Sorting of molecules by seize, larger molecules are trapped by a filter
Filtration
38
Cells energy is used to move substances
Active transport
39
Condition of pushing something outside of cell, pushing of substances (often proteins) outside of a cell
Exocytosis
40
Pulling substances into cells
Endocytosis
41
Occurs when white blood cells "eat" other cells/particles
Phagocytosis
42
- has to do with carrying messages in the nervous system
- ions move when messages are carried
- potassium and sodium need to be punched out of neurons so that messages can be carried
Sodium-potassium pump
Physiology Test
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