1
Q
What were the beneficiaries of the Christian church?
A
- tax exemptions
- spaces for bishop/clergy were marked off from rest of church
- freedom of worship
- Christian church was recognized as a legal body of the Roman Empire
2
Q
Who was Constantine and how did he become ruler?
A
Constantine was the emperor of the Byzantine empire.
Rumor: his father (constantinus) was murdered, and Jesus told Constantine to make rome a Christian empire. C put symbol on shield and defeated killer Maximus.
History: Cs dad is killed by co ruler M. C defeats m, becomes emperor (first christian emperor.)
Constantine also created the edict of Milan: everyone in empire should e christian- but no one is forced.
The city of Byzantium had its name changed to Constantinople (empire became Byzantine empire)
3
Q
Why was there fighting among Christians and what was done to resolve it?
A
There was fighting bc no rules/bible.
To solve fighting, the Christian faith was first summed up in a statement of belief at the council of Nicaea. It was decided that God was a supreme being comprised of father, son, and Holy Spirit (New Testament was created)
4
Q
How did the empire change after the conversion of Constantine?
A
- responsibility for the urban poor
- judicial authority to resolve small legal conflicts
- the ability to offer the poor moments o splendor in lavish churches
- a new public forum
5
Q
Who was Justinian?
A
He was the emperor of Byzantium who took over after Constantine died. He…
- created legal system/laws
- Byzantine “golden age” was during his rule
- wife was Theodora
- he and wife persecuted people
- built Hagia Sophia
6
Q
Who conquered and replaced the Parthanians in today’s Iran/Iraq area?
A
The Sasanians, led by Khusro Ianoshirwan, defeated the Parthians. The Sasanians were tolerant of all religions, and their empire was strengthened by control of the Silk Road (which passed through the Iranian plateau)
7
Q
What trials did the Byzantine empire withstand?
A
Civil wars and the bubonic plague
8
Q
Who were the Nestorian Christians?
A
Group of Christians from southwest Asia. Named by opponents for their acceptance of contested understanding of Jesus’s divine and human nature promoted by Nestorius (former bishop in Constantinople)They established religious communities across Asia, reaching all the way to China.
9
Q
Who were the Sogdians, and what did they accomplish?
A
People from Central Asia. They…
- created common language for Silk Road
- rode shaggy camels
- blended Zoroastrianism with Mesopotamian religions
- built large mansions decorated with fresco paintings
- organized the caravan trade across the taklimakan desert
- adopted the techniques of cavalry warfare, including armored riders
- were one of the best trading groups (were sweet talkers with sticky fingers)
10
Q
Who was Chandragupta?
A
King of the Gupta dynasty. He was called King of kings, lord of lords. He had people write poems and plays about love and suffering. HINDUISM
11
Q
How did Buddhism spread during the time of 300-600 C.E.?
A
Buddhist culture was spread by caravans and monks. The religion spilt into two sections: Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana Buddhism.
12
Q
What were the differences between Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism?
A
Mahayana (greater vehicle) Buddhism:
- Buddah is worshipped as God
- Bodisattvas are worshipped as God on earth (lesser gods or demigods)
Hinayana (lesser vehicle) Buddhism:
- Buddah is God
- Bodisattvas are not gods
- Hinayana temples barred all colorful idols of the Bodisattvas and heavenly beings (temples only contained images of Buddah)
***greater and lesser vehicle Buddhists fought with each other over beliefs.
13
Q
How did the western part of the Roman Empire fall?
A
Barbarian immigration/fighting (goths and Huns)
14
Q
What was Hinduism like?
A
stemmed from brahmanic Vedic religion, did not claim to be universal faith
Brahma- birth, past
Vishnu- existence, present
Shiva- death, future
Were main gods, represented three phases of universe, three expressions of eternal self (atma)
Other aspects of religion were…
- abandonment of animal sacrifice
- identification with agricultural culture
- adoption of vegetarianism
- more detailed descriptions of gods
15
Q
How was the code of manu created, and what was it?
A
In India ( Southeast Asia), there was no centralized empire to make rules. Instead, a form of cultural synthesis called the Sanskrit Cosmopolis (based on Hindu beliefs and articulated in the Sanskrit language) was created. Sanskrit became important/common in region. But Brahmins knew language best, and use this power to circulate ideals on morality and society in special texts. Most imp was code of Manu. Full of laws! Esp showed how to follow Varna/Jati system, obey social norms
16
Q
What was the most important part of China after the Han dynasty broke apart?
A
The northern Wei dynasty.
17
Q
What were some characteristic of the northern Wei dynasty?
A
- encouraged their nomadic warriors to adopt city-based military technology
- cultivated strong ties with the great Han families.
- rebuilt the han capital Luoyang
- taxed land on the basis of a census
***kept chinese way of life
18
Q
How did Daoism change after the Han Dynasty?
A
Two new traditions were created:
1: organized and community oriented, involved heavenly masters who as mortals guided religious groups/parishes. Followers sought salvation through virtue, confession, and ceremonies.
2: more individualistic, attempted to reconcile Confucian classical learning with Daoist religious beliefs in occult and magic. Trance/meditation controlled human physiology. Skilled practitioner could accumulate religious merit, prolong life. DAOISTS WANTED ETERNAL LIFE!
19
Q
What was Buddhism like in China?
A
Buddhist scholar/missionary Kumarajiva spread Madhyamika (Middle way) Buddhism in China.
Madhyamika Buddhism:
- Buddhist texts were translated to chinese
- Buddhist terminology was clarified for chinese adepts
- irony and paradoxes were used to show that reason was limited
- it stressed devotional acts, such as daily prayers and mantras
20
Q
What were the three groups living in Sub-Saharan Africa and mesoamerica?
A
The Bantus
The Teotihuacans
The Mayans
21
Q
Who were the Bantu people?
A
People from sub-Saharan Africa. They…
- first lived in Nigeria, shifted from hunting/gathering/fishing to agriculture in tropical rainforest.
- migrated out of west Africa in two waves (one to east Africa did iron smelting for tools, one to south/west in Kalahari desert did subsistence agriculture).
- In east, Kings ruled by divine right, ppl lived in rabidly forested areas
- in west, small-scale societies based of fam/clan connections formed. Split into age groups. Ruling elders were most imp. Rights/duties of ppl depended on age. Natural world was inhabited by heroic ancestor spirits.
22
Q
Who were the Teotihuacans?
A
Teotihuacan was city state that formed in mesoamerica where Olmecs used to be (central Mexico)
- T became larger center of Americas before Aztecs
- fertile land and ample water supported up to 200,000 residents in apartment complexes
- had lots of pyramids/temples
- eventually controlled entire Mexico valley basin: dominated neighbors and demanded gifts, tribute, and humans for ritual sacrifice
- political influence beyond basin was limited, but cultural and economic diffusion were significant
- defeated in fifth century CE
23
Q
Who were the Mayans?
A
People living in Carribean region of Yucatan, flourished into eight century.
- inhospitable region had no central metropolis, but many agrarian villages
- villages/kingdoms were linked by language, commerce and tribute payments from lesser to sacred towns
- Mayans may have numbered up to 10 million
- rulers (shamanistic kings by lineage) engage in hostilities
- pantheon of gods, Kings sponsored public rituals to reinforce their divine heritage
- Mayans were good writers, mathematicians (made calendar), and architects
- rulers did blood sacrifice w captured victims of war and sometimes their own blood
- eventually Mayans were destroyed by internal warfare
24
Q
Where was the city of Mecca, and what were some of its characteristics?
A
It was located in the Hijaz, the western region of Arabia bordering Red Sea.
- learned men gathered there to the doctrines of Christianity and Buddhism
- the Byzantine and Sasanian empires had already influenced the region
- Mecca was located along a trading route
- Mecca contained a revere sanctuary where polytheistic Meccans worshipped
- tolerant place for all religions
25
How did the religion of Islam start?
It started with the prophet Muhammad, a man married into Rich fam in Mecca. Had dream of angel (Gabriel)- angle said M had to bring back gods true word (Allah is true God)
Muhammad is kicked out of mecca, goes to Medina to gather followers, goes back and conquers Mecca and surrounding places.
***Muslim***= one who submits to God
26
What were some aspects of the Islamic faith?
- Jihad- take up sword and spread Islam OR battle within self to come closer to Allah
- Holy place in Mecca was Ka'aba
- Islamic bible was Quran (formed after M died)
- Sharia Law
- 5 pillars of Islam
27
What was Sharia Law?
- Sharia law covered all aspects of practical as well as spiritual life
- Sharia law was the work of generations of religious scholars
- sharia law placed Muslim scholars at the heart of Islam, as they, rather than princes and kings, became the law makers
- Sharia law drew on both the Quran and the Hadith, reports on sayings and actions of Mecca
28
What were the 5 pillars of islam?
1) Shahadah- declaring there is no God except God, and Muhammad is Gods messenger.
2) Salet- ritual prayer five times a day
3) Zakat- giving 2.5 percent of ones savings to poor and needy
4) Sawm- fasting and self control during holy month of Ramadan
5) Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in lifetime, if able
29
What were some aspects of Islamic culture?
- Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem (where M is said to have gone to heaven) are holy cities
- Muslims go to the mosque on Fridays
- idol worship is bad (no pics of M)
- imam (preacher) preaches in mosque
- Quran should never be translated (only studied in Arabic)
- in early Islamic society, women had shifty status as patriarchy was only starting to emerge in Arabian communities
- men and women pray separately
- Muhammad's wife wrote things down for him bc he couldn't write (Kdeja?)
30
How did Islam spread?
After Ms death, there were diff beliefs about who should guide Islamic religion. 4 rightly guided caliphs emerged as leaders, expanded dar al Islam (world of Islam) into Syria, Egypt, and Iraq.
Ali, last caliph, is murdered
Umayyads of Syria take over, moved capital of empire to Damascus. Had hereditary monarch, but only let arab speaking people to hold high political offices.
Abbasi fam claimed descent from M, they and followers defeated Umayyads and moved center of Muslim state to Baghdad. They decided to keep Caliphate- line of political rulers going back to M as political figures (not prophets). Blended absolute authority w decentralized power. Used foreigners for military.
31
What was the city of Baghdad?
- new capital of Abbasid dynasty
- close to ancient capital of Sasanian empire, Ctesiphon
- connected trade links from as far away as China and Spain
- Baghdad was center of Islamic world
32
What was Islam like in Europe?
- One extraordinary Muslim state arose is Spain under Abd al-Rahman III.
- Abd brought peace to once violent region
- created good relationships between all religions, created commercial exchanges between Western Europe and North Africa
- beautified capital Cordoba, successor made great mosque of Cordoba.
33
Who was the Barmaki family, and what did they accomplish?
- Fam who held high administratie offices under Abbasids, came from Central Asian city of Balkh.
- loyal servants of caliph, made sure wealth/talent from Central Asia made way to Baghdad
- former Buddhists who obtained remarkable influence over Abbasid caliphate
- great patrons of the arts and learning
34
Who were some important people who contributed to Islamic culture during the Abbasid dynasty?
Ibn Sina- A polymath from the Abbasid dynasty who wrote "Canon of Medicine" (clean water bc diseases pass through water)
Al-Farabi- Philospher who wrote books, promoted platonic idea of philosopher King
Al-Khwarizima- modified Indian digits into Arabic numerals and wrote first book on algebra
35
What was Islam like in Africa?
- Islam spread through Africa via traders and scholars
- trade created political kingdoms (Ghana -gold- Mali, Songhai)
- seafaring traders brought Islam to East Africa via Indian Ocean, where coastal trading communities exported ivory and slaves, and the culture eventually became a mix of African and Arab traditions. Bantu language absorbed Arab words, language became Swahili (derived from Arabic plural of word meaning "coast")
36
What were the two main sects of Islam, and what were their core beliefs?
Sunnis- believed rulers of Islam should be rightly guide caliphs
Shiites- believed rulers of Islam should be Ali, son in law of M, and his descendants
37
Who were the Fatmids and what was their regime?
- the Fatmid regime began when Shiite religious and military leader (Abu Abdallah) overthrew the Sunni ruler in Egypt
- the Fatmid established itself as a Shiite regime and refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of Abbasid caliphs
- the Fatmid regime established itself in egypt with its capital in the new city of Cairo
- the Fatmid established mosques and centers of learning that attracted Islamic scholars from all over Afroeurasia
38
What was the order of the Chinese dynasties?
1) Han
2) Northern Wei
3) Sui (built canals, Luoyang is capital)
39
How did the Tang Dynasty succeed the Sui Dynasty?
- Yellow River changes, people starve
- Li Yuan helps people revolt and kill emperor, founds Tang Dynasty (2nd golden age after Han)
-Li yuan created strong central government
40
Who was Li Shimin?
Li Yuans son who took throne from father. He...
- improved administration/military
- expanded empire of China
- created central government
- tang was most powerful kingdom of age and had 80 million ppl (smart ppl helped emperor rule if passed civil service exam on literary skills and knowledge of Confucian classics. Women could not serve)
41
What was the Tang Military Like?
- relied upon pastoral nomadic soldiers from the inner afroeurasian steppe
- had huge army: 700,000 horsemen and foreign troops
42
What were the global connections of the Tang Dynasty/Empire?
- the tang received tribute from the Vietnamese state of Annam
- medicine and mathematics were imported into China from India
- many people borrowed ideas from the tang
- Daoism was exported to Korea and Japan from China
- Chinese statecraft and the Confucian classics were seen by early Koreans and Japanese as models for their own state building
43
What was the Capital of the Tang empire?
Chang'an:
- pop reached 1 million
- was one of safest cities in world
- had a large foreign pop
- Christians, Buddhists, and zoroastrians were welcome
44
What was the tang administration like?
- an efficient and loyal civil service versed in Confucian political culture
- allowed commoners from southern China to outperform the aristocratic families of northern china (through exam)
- Confucianism and the Classical Chinese language were imp
45
Who was Empress Wu Zhao?
- was born of nobles, started as concubine of emperor Li Yuan and son and sons son (Gaozang)
- was intelligent and beautiful
- got pregnant w Gaozangs son, baby died, Wu said Gs wife poisoned baby. G killed wife, then died. Wu became empress!
- Wu created secret police, killed/jailed enemies
- wanted ppl to write more abt women
- gave fam government positions
46
What were Eunuchs?
Castrated males who worked in imperial household (there was up to 10,000 or more of them!) They...
- served as mediators btwn emperors and provincial government
- were sometimes chief of military
47
What happened when rebellions in Northwest China and the rise of Islam in Central Asia jeopardize the Silk Road?
Tang mer hats formed a "silk road by sea" through southern chinese ports.
48
Why did Tang China fall?
- peasant uprising
- incapable rulers
- unsuccessful examinations (fam in government instead of smart ppl)
- Starvation
49
What were the three kingdoms/states of Korea?
Silla, Koguryo, and Paekche
50
What was Buddhism like during the Tang Dynasty?
It grew, but then Buddhists were persecuted (Confucian trained scholar Han yu attacked them as barbarians!) Buddhism threatened Confucianism/Daoism.
51
Which Korean state took control of Korea?
Silla won, controlled Korea, modeled themselves after Tang (civil service exam, capital city structure, writing style, birth doesn't matter).
- Silla capital was Kumsong (kyongju)
- Shamans= worshipped ancestors
- internal/external fighting caused Silla dynasty to end, koryo dynasty emerged and lasted for centuries under Wang Kon and ancestors
52
What was Japan like during the Tang Empire in China?
- Like korea, Japan took ideas from China.
- In mid third century, warlike group called tomb culture (bc of elevated burial sites) came to Japan by sea, imposed military and social control over southern Japan. Then unified Japan by extolling imperial ancestors, and maintaining social hierarchy
53
What was the Yamato clan?
One of first clans in Japan, created by tomb culture ppl in region known today as Nara. It incorporated native Japanese and Korean migrants
54
Who took over Japan after the Yamato clan?
The Soga Kinship group (originally from korea, but by 500 CE a major branch of Yamato imperial fam).
Prince was Shotoku, credited with...
- introducing Buddhism and Confucianism to Japan
- sent emissaries to China to learn
55
What happened after prince Shotoku took over?
- State sponsored spiritual diversity led to native Shinto cults (after death a person's soul or spirit becomes a Shinto Kami, or local deity, provided that it was nourished and purified through proper rituals and festivals). Shinto became official religion.
- Nakatomi kinship group seized the throne, eliminated the Soga and allies, became new spokesmen for Yamato tradition. Ruler Nakatomi no Kamarari enacted series of reforms reflecting Confucian principals of government allegedly enunciated by Shotoku. Reforms enhanced power of ruler who is depicted as exalted emperor (Tenno) who ruled by Mandate of Heaven and exercised absolute authority.
56
Why was there fighting among Christians and what was done to resolve it?
There was fighting bc no rules/bible.
To solve fighting, the Christian faith was first summed up in a statement of belief at the council of Nicaea. It was decided that God was a supreme being comprised of father, son, and Holy Spirit (New Testament was created)
57
How did the empire change after the conversion of Constantine?
- responsibility for the urban poor
- judicial authority to resolve small legal conflicts
- the ability to offer the poor moments o splendor in lavish churches
- a new public forum
58
Who was Justinian?
He was the emperor of Byzantium who took over after Constantine died. He...
- created legal system/laws
- Byzantine "golden age" was during his rule
- wife was Theodora
- he and wife persecuted people
- built Hagia Sophia
59
Who conquered and replaced the Parthanians in today's Iran/Iraq area?
The Sasanians, led by Khusro Ianoshirwan, defeated the Parthians. The Sasanians were tolerant of all religions, and their empire was strengthened by control of the Silk Road (which passed through the Iranian plateau)
60
What trials did the Byzantine empire withstand?
Civil wars and the bubonic plague
61
Who were the Nestorian Christians?
Group of Christians from southwest Asia. Named by opponents for their acceptance of contested understanding of Jesus's divine and human nature promoted by Nestorius (former bishop in Constantinople)They established religious communities across Asia, reaching all the way to China.
62
Who were the Sogdians, and what did they accomplish?
People from Central Asia. They...
- created common language for Silk Road
- rode shaggy camels
- blended Zoroastrianism with Mesopotamian religions
- built large mansions decorated with fresco paintings
- organized the caravan trade across the taklimakan desert
- adopted the techniques of cavalry warfare, including armored riders
- were one of the best trading groups (were sweet talkers with sticky fingers)
63
Who was Chandragupta?
King of the Gupta dynasty. He was called King of kings, lord of lords. He had people write poems and plays about love and suffering. HINDUISM
64
How did Buddhism spread during the time of 300-600 C.E.?
Buddhist culture was spread by caravans and monks. The religion spilt into two sections: Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana Buddhism.
65
What were the differences between Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism?
Mahayana (greater vehicle) Buddhism:
- Buddah is worshipped as God
- Bodisattvas are worshipped as God on earth (lesser gods or demigods)
Hinayana (lesser vehicle) Buddhism:
- Buddah is God
- Bodisattvas are not gods
- Hinayana temples barred all colorful idols of the Bodisattvas and heavenly beings (temples only contained images of Buddah)
***greater and lesser vehicle Buddhists fought with each other over beliefs.
66
How did the western part of the Roman Empire fall?
Barbarian immigration/fighting (goths and Huns)
67
What was Hinduism like?
***stemmed from brahmanic Vedic religion, did not claim to be universal faith***
Brahma- birth, past
Vishnu- existence, present
Shiva- death, future
Were main gods, represented three phases of universe, three expressions of eternal self (atma)
Other aspects of religion were...
- abandonment of animal sacrifice
- identification with agricultural culture
- adoption of vegetarianism
- more detailed descriptions of gods
68
How was the code of manu created, and what was it?
In India ( Southeast Asia), there was no centralized empire to make rules. Instead, a form of cultural synthesis called the Sanskrit Cosmopolis (based on Hindu beliefs and articulated in the Sanskrit language) was created. Sanskrit became important/common in region. But Brahmins knew language best, and use this power to circulate ideals on morality and society in special texts. Most imp was code of Manu. Full of laws! Esp showed how to follow Varna/Jati system, obey social norms
69
What was the most important part of China after the Han dynasty broke apart?
The northern Wei dynasty.
70
What were some characteristic of the northern Wei dynasty?
- encouraged their nomadic warriors to adopt city-based military technology
- cultivated strong ties with the great Han families.
- rebuilt the han capital Luoyang
- taxed land on the basis of a census
***kept chinese way of life
71
How did Daoism change after the Han Dynasty?
Two new traditions were created:
1: organized and community oriented, involved heavenly masters who as mortals guided religious groups/parishes. Followers sought salvation through virtue, confession, and ceremonies.
2: more individualistic, attempted to reconcile Confucian classical learning with Daoist religious beliefs in occult and magic. Trance/meditation controlled human physiology. Skilled practitioner could accumulate religious merit, prolong life. DAOISTS WANTED ETERNAL LIFE!
72
What was Buddhism like in China?
Buddhist scholar/missionary Kumarajiva spread Madhyamika (Middle way) Buddhism in China.
Madhyamika Buddhism:
- Buddhist texts were translated to chinese
- Buddhist terminology was clarified for chinese adepts
- irony and paradoxes were used to show that reason was limited
- it stressed devotional acts, such as daily prayers and mantras
73
What were the three groups living in Sub-Saharan Africa and mesoamerica?
The Bantus
The Teotihuacans
The Mayans
74
Who were the Bantu people?
People from sub-Saharan Africa. They...
- first lived in Nigeria, shifted from hunting/gathering/fishing to agriculture in tropical rainforest.
- migrated out of west Africa in two waves (one to east Africa did iron smelting for tools, one to south/west in Kalahari desert did subsistence agriculture).
- In east, Kings ruled by divine right, ppl lived in rabidly forested areas
- in west, small-scale societies based of fam/clan connections formed. Split into age groups. Ruling elders were most imp. Rights/duties of ppl depended on age. Natural world was inhabited by heroic ancestor spirits.
75
Who were the Teotihuacans?
Teotihuacan was city state that formed in mesoamerica where Olmecs used to be (central Mexico)
- T became larger center of Americas before Aztecs
- fertile land and ample water supported up to 200,000 residents in apartment complexes
- had lots of pyramids/temples
- eventually controlled entire Mexico valley basin: dominated neighbors and demanded gifts, tribute, and humans for ritual sacrifice
- political influence beyond basin was limited, but cultural and economic diffusion were significant
- defeated in fifth century CE
76
Who were the Mayans?
People living in Carribean region of Yucatan, flourished into eight century.
- inhospitable region had no central metropolis, but many agrarian villages
- villages/kingdoms were linked by language, commerce and tribute payments from lesser to sacred towns
- Mayans may have numbered up to 10 million
- rulers (shamanistic kings by lineage) engage in hostilities
- pantheon of gods, Kings sponsored public rituals to reinforce their divine heritage
- Mayans were good writers, mathematicians (made calendar), and architects
- rulers did blood sacrifice w captured victims of war and sometimes their own blood
- eventually Mayans were destroyed by internal warfare
World Civilizations
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Decks in class (4)
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