After the fall of Roman Empire, what three areas were powerful?
Byzantine empire (east)
Islam
Latin western world
How did the franks control the Latin western world after the fall of the Roman Empire?
Franks come, bring order (Merovington family, Clovis I), expand Frankish empire. Kingdom is split between heirs, but if no kids, land goes back to brother, kingdom goes back together.
Clovis I had right hand man: Charles “the hammer” Martel. Ppl called him “mayor of palace.” Hammer wrote note to pope: said person w title has no power, person without title has power =problem. Pope helped hammer take over Frankish empire. Hammer had son Pepe the Short, who had son Charlemagne the Great!
Who was Charlemagne the Great, and what did he accomplish?
Ruler of the Frankish empire. He…
- improved writing
- had forceful impact
- empire was small in pop and wealth compare to regimes of Islamic world
- palace at Aachen was little more than a large house set in countryside
- represented warrior class
- his empire controlled much of Western Europe
- he ruled for over 40 years and travelled extensively on campaigns of plunder and conquest
- wanted to recreate original Roman Empire
How did Charlemagne become the holy roman emperor?
Charlemagne talked to pope Leo III. Leo didn’t like Lombard people. Talked Charlemagne into sacking/taking over Lombards as a favor bc Cs fam owed Leo. Leo crowned Charlemagne holy roman emperor on Christmas Day in 800 CE. Charlemagne become rule of both the empire and church connected. C gave Leo city of Rome (that’s how papal state-Vatican-was created).
What was slavery like in Europe?
- slaves were backbone of some armies
- most of Frankish/roman trade was based on slavery
- most of victims were Slavic ppl (from Eastern Europe)
Who was Augustine of Hippo?
- originally from North Africa
- at 19 he knew how to read/write Latin, Greek, and Arabic
- after school he went to Milan to study under theologians
- some ppl call him one of spiritual founders of Catholic Church
- wrote book called “city of God”
There are two types of men: men who follow God, and lustful men. Every man needs guidance, so he should get it from the church.
What were the monasteries (and monasticism) of Europe like?
- St. Benedict brought monasteries to Europe
- first monastery was in Egypt
- appealed to deep sense that those whose lives were not normal could best mediate
- laypersons could continue their lives as warriors (received prayer, after war, can heal there)
- it represented an otherworldly alternative to the warrior societies of the time
- it suited the missionary tendencies of Christianity particularly well
What were monks and nuns like in Europe?
- word monk come from “monos”=to be alone
- not married
- shaved head
- nuns were in convents
- they preserved history
What were the Vikings like?
- ships: light, shallow deck, could go in open ocean
- plundered/destroyed
- assimilated into defeated societies
- from Scandinavia
- 900-1000 CE travelled all over, opened a trading link between the Baltic and Kiev, creating a commercial avenue from Scandanavia to Baghdad
- didn’t stay long in North America
- walls kept them out of Constantinople
- some Vikings (rid group) settled in Russian lands (Kiev) ➡️see next question
Who was Iaroslav the Wise
- 4th son of Vladmir the grand prince
- got friends from Byzantine empire, killed 3 brother
- created connection between Byzantine empire and Russia
- made life better for peasants, made legal custom system (peasants can be knighted, marry nobles, and own land)
- wanted Kiev to be like Constantinople
- called himself Czar- was political and religious figure
- had Sophia cathedral built (took ideas from Hagia Sophia)
How was Greek Orthodox Christianity created?
After Charlemagne was crowned holy roman emperor, pope Nicholas wanted Photius I to be gone from head of church (in east, Greek) so he could put friend as head. Photius got his emperor to put him back in seat. For a time, east and west had lukewarm relations.
Then, pope Leo ix sent letter to Michael I Cerularius, said M wasn’t following rules/doctrines of church bc he had pictures/icons of Jesus. Also, who was head of church? Leo excommunicated M, and M excommunicated Leo, but Leo died first. Church was spilt permanently
Catholic Latin church: Rome= WEST Latin, Pope Nicholas I was patriarch of Rome
Greek Orthodox: EAST Constantinople= Greek, Photius I was patriarch of Constantinople
What is Feudalism?
A political and economic system between the poor and wealthy.
TOP OF SOCIAL PYRAMID
King: get men for army from nobles
Nobles(vassals): back up King, give him money from peasant taxes.
Knights: protect people and towns, have code of chivalry.
Peasants(serfs): live off land, work
BOTTOM OF SOCIAL PYRAMID
What was the (Latin west) Catholic Church like from 1000-1300 CE?
- Catholicism became a faith for the peasant population
- parish churches appeared in all but the most remote regions
- church must approve marriage, give marriage license
- graveyards around churches were only places where good Christians were to be buried
- the church controlled the private lives of the laity to an even greater extent
- church encouraged education for people not becoming priests, especially bible learning. Other subjects were also taught: Grammar, math, Latin, Homer
- universities and cathedrals were an element that was crucial to the creation of Europe’s christian identity
Notre Dame de Paris
(Also university in Bologna)
Who was St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)?
He preached that European believers should weep, confess sins to their local priest, and strive to become better Christians.
Who was St. Thomas Aquinas?
- summa contra Gentiles (summary of christian belief against non-Christians)
- conflict between faith/reason
- human/natural laws
- reason/logic
- 5 things prove God is real
How did the christian kingdom spread?
- Through the crusades*
- churches that split came back together for a short time bc of crusades
- islam (seliquk Turks) knock at door of Constantinople. C calls Latin church and Pope Urban II for help
- fighting Knights then go to the Middle East and “free”Jerusalem from islam
- Knights are guaranteed that if they die, they will go to heaven bc war is holy
How do each of the 1st four crusades play out?
First crusade (1095-1099 CE):
- count Robert of Flanders - count Raymond of Toulouse - count Godfrey of Bouilon - Peter the Hermit - ransacked Constantinople on way to Jerusalem - defeat Turks at Jerusalem
Second Crusade(1147-1149):
-Turks come back(caused 2nd crusade)
- King Louis vi of France
- emperor Conrad III of Germany
DONT LIKE EACHOTHER, don’t make it to Jerusalem
Third crusade:
- emperor Frederick I (barbosa) DROWNS
- King Philip II (Augusta) GOES BACK HOME
- King Richard I (lion heart) FIGHTS TURKISH LEADER SALADIN. DEFEATS SALADIN AT FIRST THEN LOSES AND GOES HOME.
R and P don’t like eachother, are step brothers
Fourth Crusade(1201-1204 CE):
-Constantinople is sacked by venetians
What was the result of the crusades?
- most Knights returned home after capturing Jerusalem, leaving it poorly defended
- the Christian forces were stretched thin and had poor supply lines
- the long term effect of the crusades was to harden Muslim feelings against the millions of northwestern Christians
- the society of the crusader states remained more open to women (w men at war, had to work)
- after 8th crusade, pope decodes rome, not Jerusalem, is holiest place
- Iberia, Spain = caliphate⬇️
Reconquista(1061) Capture Toledo Conquer Seville Conquer Sicily RECONQUISTA ADDED MORE THAN 100 THOUSAND SQUARE MILES TO CHRISTIAN EMPIRE
What was the Islamic world like in 1000-1300 CE?
Europe is in dark age, but Islamic world is flourishing
- it was an era of great population growth, rising wealth, and social transformations
- it was an age of conflict, carnage, and colonization
- contact and exchange among societies reinforced distinct cultural identities within cultures
- trade began to shift from land-based routes to sea-based routes (faster, safer)
What were some revolutions in sea travel during 1000-1300 CE?
- ships are able to carry vastly greater quantities of merchandise than people or animals
- the Chinese invention of the needle compass and better maps
- merchants switchings from land routes to sea routes to take advantage of cheaper transportation costs
What were some Egyptian anchorage cities? (Rest stops, trading hubs)
- Cairo
- Alexandria
SUB SAHARAN TRADE (Ghana, Mali, Songhai): gold and salt for horses and metals
Many other places on trans-Saharan trade route
What was the Islamic legal system like?
- no usury (loans w outrageous interest rates)
- cut pieces of body off for different offenses
- rules helped create favorable trading environment
Chinese anchorage?
- state officials registered, examined, and taxed cargo on ships
- Quanzhou was imp trading port
- China became mix of cultures
Malaysian anchorage?
- trade in port of malacca
- Java
- islam is main religion
