1
Q
Intro to Organ System
A
Organisms all exhibit some level of organization
2
Q
What are Cells in the organ system?
A
Smallest living unit. Each performs specific processes that suits their types function.
3
Q
What are Tissues?
A
Collections of the same cell type working together
4
Q
What are Organs in the organ system? Example of organs.
A
Several interacting tissues to perform an even larger function. Ex. Stomach, Heart, Brain.
5
Q
Groups of organs that are connected physically or functionally is called what?
A
Organ System.
6
Q
What are other examples of systems?
A
Digestive, Respiratory, Nervous.
7
Q
What is an organism?
A
A living thing filled with interacting organ systems.
8
Q
What do organism’s interactions help to maintain?
A
Homeostasis.
9
Q
What are the 7 types of nourishments that our cell body needs?
A
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic Acids, Water, Vitamins, and Minerals.
10
Q
Why does our body’s cell need these nutrients?
A
Its so that they can be delivered in a usable form.
11
Q
Macromolecules are ______ _____ into what?
A
Broken down into monomers.
12
Q
Who’s responsible for breaking down food we eat? What another system that delivers it?
A
Digestive system and circulatory system.
13
Q
What is the digestive tract?
A
Some digestive organs are in direct contact with food.
14
Q
What are the nourishments that our body cells need?
A
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, water, vitamins, and minerals.
15
Q
What is the digestive system responsible of?
A
For breaking down the food we eat, while another organ system (circulatory) delivers it.
16
Q
What are other terms called for digestive tract?
A
Gastro-intestinal tract or alimentary canal
17
Q
What are they called when other organs aid in digestion but don’t touch food?
A
Accessory organs. Produce some substance that makes it easier to break down food.
18
Q
What are parts of the Digestive Tract in order?
A
Mouth (Tongue+Teeth)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Anus
19
Q
What are the accessory Organs in order?
A
Salivary glands, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas.
20
Q
The process of digestion is______+_______
A
Physical + Chemical
21
Q
What does Physical Digestion do?
A
Breaks down food into smaller pieces like cutting, grinding, or similar means (chewing).
22
Q
What does Chemical Digestion do?
A
They use catabolic enzymes to make food smaller via HYDROLYSIS. (proteases break down proteins)
23
Q
For the enzymes to complete chemical digestion what does the physical digestion need to do?
A
They need to increase their surface area.
24
Q
How is the Mouth a part of the digestive system?
A
The start of the digestive tract where food enters the body.
25
What is the roof of you mouth called?
Palate
26
What are the two sections if the palate?
Hard Palate: Front, Made of bones and contains the top teeth
Soft palate: Back, Made of Muscles, Essential for swallowing and yawning.
27
What is the Mouth physical by?
Tongue and Teeth
28
What are the responsibilities of the Tongue and Teeth?
Tongue: A muscle that moves food between the teeth for chewing + back of the mouth for swallowing.
Teeth: Hard tissue (enamel, dentin, cementum) covers soft tissue (pulp w/nerves + blood vessels).
29
What is the Mouth Chemical by?
Salivary Glands
Saliva (Salivary Amylase)
30
What are the responsibilities and production of salivary glands?
3 pairs of glands which produce and secrete SALIVA in the mouth.
31
How does saliva lubricate?
For swallowing and contains the enzyme SALIVARY AMYLASE which breaks down STARCH (carbs) into DISACCHARIDES.
32
What do you call food that is chewed + moistened, the tongue rolls into a mass?
Bolus
33
What does the Pharynx do? Where is it located?
The cavity behind the mouth (throat). Food passes through it.
34
Inside the Pharynx?
There is a flap of tissue called the EPIGLOTTIS which PREVENTS food from entering the respiratory system (choking)
35
What seals the opening from the Epiglottis?
The TRACHEA moves up from the Epiglottis moves down to seal opening.
36
What does the Esophagus do? Where is it located?
It is a muscular tube that moves food from mouth to stomach.
37
The bolus moves via gravitiy and a series of wave-like muscular contractions are called?
Peristasis.
38
What are the two layers of muscles?
Circular Muscle: Around the tube
Longitudinal Muscle: Run the length of the tube.
39
How do you move the bolus? What is the muscle called?
The circular muscle contract behind where the longitudinal muscle contract ahead. They take turns. Smooth muscle (involuntary)
40
At the end of the esophagus, at the stomach, what controls the entry of food into the stomach?
Esophageal Sphinter
41
What is a sphincter?
A ring-like muscular structure, thst relaxes to let food in and contracts to prevent food and acid from leaving.
42
What causes a heartburn?
If acid splashes the esophagus, it causes the painful sensation.
43
How does Vomiting happen?
Illness, heat, dizziness, poison. All cause when a coordinated forceful contraction of the stomach, abdominal muscles, and diaphragm.
44
Vomiting: How is the esophageal involved?
It relaxes and pressurized contents which are forced upwards through mouth (nose)
45
What is the role of the Stomach? Where is it located?
A J-shaped sac for storing, digesting and transporting food.
46
To make your stomach expand when you eat, what's ur stomach supposed to do?
The stomach lining is folded into RUGAE.
47
Empty stomach is approximately ____ ml but can expand to ~ ___ L (80x bigger)
50 ml and expand to 4L
48
What does pyloric sphincter do?
The lower end in which they control the passage of food into the small intestine.
49
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle which aid in physical digestion. What hapoens if the muscle contracts?
The contents are CHURNED into smaller pieces.
50
When we think of food, the stomach prepares by secreting ______ _____. What is the thick liquid when it gets added to our food (the bolus)?
Gastric juice. Chyme.
51
What does the Gastric juice help with?
Chemical Digestion.
52
What does the Gastric Juice contain?
It contains enzymes called PROTEASES which digests proteins.
53
An example of PROTEASES.
Pepsin turns polypeptides into shorter chains. They work in low pH environments (acidic).
54
What does pepsin contain?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) to allow pepsin to function. It also help kill many germs we might eat.
55
Why does the pepsin not affect our stomach muscle?
The organ is lined with a protective musuc layer in addition to the gastric juicr only being present with food.
56
What are examples of absorption of some substances, begins with stomach?
H20, some drugs and alcohol + aspririn.
57
Why is the Small Intestine small?
Because of its diameter. It is longer than the intestine.
58
How does the Small Intestine function?
Functions to complete the digestion of macromolecules well as subsequent ABSORPTION into the blood.
59
What are the three sections of the Small Intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
60
Duodenum is?
A u-shape shortest and widest section. It recieves secretions from ACCESSORY ORGANS.
61
Jejunum is?
For digestion + absorption
62
Ileum is?
Some digestion, and most are absorption.
63
Whats the physical digestion of the small intestine?
Segmentation where the circular muscles surround the intestine contract and the CHYME with sloshes back and forth.
64
Whats the chemical digestion of the small intestine?
Its from enzymes secreted from accessory organs.
65
What does the surface area in the intestines allow?
Absorption to be efficient.
66
The intestines has what ridge? And contains what?
Inner lining has ridges and each ridge contains millions of finger-like projections called VILLI (sing. = villus)
67
What does each villus contain?
They contain a blood supply for nutrients to be absorbed into.
68
What cells (tissue) does the villus have?
Epithelial cells.
69
What is microvilli?
The cells of the villus (epithelial cells) have thousands of extensions which increase surface area and secrete enzymes.
70
What is the function of the Pancreas?
An accessory organ that secretes PANCREATIC FLUID into the DUODENUM.
71
What enzymes are in the PANCREAS?
Proteases are broken down of TRYPSIN + CHYMOTRYPSIN
CARBOHYDRASES are broken down of PANCREATIC AMYLASE
LIPASE are broken down into PANCREATIC LIPASE
72
What does the Pancreas contain? How do you neutralize it?
It contains BIOCARBONATE to neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach.
73
What does the biocarbonate protect? What does it allow?
It protects the small intestines which does not have the same mucus layer as the stomach. It allows enzymes to work a proper pH.
74
What is insulin?
A hormone that tells cells to absorb glucose for energy or the liver to convert it for long-term storage.
75
What is the Liver?
It produces bile.
76
What is a bile in the liver?
It is a green-yellowish fluid that contains bile pigments (waste products expelled in feces) and bile salts.
77
How do bile salts work?
They work together with lipases to digest fats
78
Lipids are non-polar so they are __________ and has ______ _______ _____ for enzymes to work.
Hydrophobic. little surface area
79
Bile salts are _________ which have both _______ + ________ ends. Which allows what?
emulsifiers, polar and non-polar. They allow for physical digestion of fats into smaller droplets
80
What is the function of the Gall Bladder?
It stores BILE (a pouch) until chyme is in the duodenum
81
Describe the large intestine
Shorter but a wider intestinal section
82
What are the four parts/sections of the large intestine?
The ascending from the small intestine, transverse, descending and sigmoid leading to the Rectum
83
What is the function of the large intestine?
They receive the unabsorbed material from the small intestine and CONCENTRATE it into a WASTE PRODUCT called FECES
84
How do feces occur?
By ABSORBING water and materials (salts)
85
What are examples of materials helpful in the body?
Vitamin B12 (nervous system, blood cell formation and DNA synthesis), Vitamin K (blood clotting, bone growth and body repair), and amino acids.
86
_________ in the intestine breaks down ______ _________ and produce helpful products
Bacteria and waste materials
87
As bacteria produces gas as a part of their metabolism, what are they called specifically?
Flatulence.
88
True or false? These bacteria play a crucial role in the immune system by competing with bad bacteria
True
89
What is the appendix?
A small tube attached to the ascending colon.
90
What happened to the appendix over time?
It used to be a vestigial organ that used to have a function but evolved away from. So that they could aid in digestion of a more plant-based diet.
91
New research suggest that _____ _______ _____ ________ that can repopulate our guts after the ________
new houses good bacteria. infection
92
What is the function of the Rectum?
A folded storage structure designed to hold feces until it's ELIMINATED.
93
What is the function of the Anus?
Muscular opening that controls the passage of feces to the environment.
93
What do the folds of the rectum allow?
For flatulence without eliminating the feces.
94
What's the difference between the 2 sphincters (internal and external)
Internal anal sphincter: Unvoluntary nervous control. Releases when the RECTUM is FULL
External anal sphincter: Voluntary. Releases when we consciously relax the muscle
95
The regulation of the small intestine. How is digestion controlled?
It's controlled by the nervous system (brain, nerves) and the endocrine system (glands that release hormones)
96
How are they often regulated (small intestine regulation)?
Regulated by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK where the OUTPUT of any system TURNS OFF the system.
97
Gastrin. What stimulates release, what they do, how their action turns off system?
Have proteins in the stomach, gastrin is released.
Causes an increase to HCl + pepsin
The proteins are digested, they decrease gastrin
98
CCK and GIP (cholecystokinin + gastric inhibitory peptide). What stimulates release, what they do and how their action turns off system.
Chyme with high fat content as the strongest stimulus for the secreting of CCK and GIP
Increase pancreatic secretions of digestive enzyme and gall bladder contractions.
Inhibit or decrease stomach movements and secretions, enables fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer than non-fatty meals.
99
SECRETIN. What stimulates release, what they do and how their action turns off system.
Chyme with high acidity as the strongest stimulus for the release of secretion.
Stimulates the pancreas to release more BIOCARBONATE to neutralize acidic chyme.
Inhibit or decrease stomach movements and secretions, enables fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer than non-fatty meals.
100
What are the most common enzymes found in both animals and plants?
Catalase
101
What does catalase break down?
Catalase is used to break down hydrogen peroxide that occasionally builds up within our cells.
102
What is hydrogen peroxide?
Hydrogen peroxide is a waste product of reactions that occur within our body.
103
What happens if the hydrogen peroxide builds up? What allows it to be harmless?
It would be fatal. Our cells contains catalase which breaks down the hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen gas.
Biology Gr 11
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