Thursday

Question 1

What 5 classes of medications are used to treat glaucoma?

Answer 1

• alpha agonists
• beta blockers
• Prostaglandins (F2-alpha)
• Diuretics
  
  • Acetazolamide, Loop
• Cholinomimetics
  
  • Pilocarpine, physostigmine

Question 2

What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with loss of forearm pronation?

Answer 2

Median nerve

Question 3

What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with weak external rotation of arm?

Answer 3

Suprascapular n.

Question 4

What nerve is damaged in a patient who presents with loss of wrist extention?

Answer 4

Radial n.

Question 5

What treatments are used to treat Crohn’s Disease?

Answer 5

• 5-ASA agents (Sulfasalazine)
  
  • initial therapy
  • anti-inflammatory
• Azathioprine
  
  • Anti-inflammatory
• Anti-TNF agents
  
  • infliximab
  • adalimumab

Question 6

What is the treatment for Diverticulitis?

Answer 6

Metronidazole (Covers anaerobes)

+

TMP-SMX or Fluoroquinolone

Question 7

What is the treatment for most Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species infections?

Answer 7

Azithromycin (preferred)

Doxycycline

Question 8

What infections are caused by Chlamydia and Chlamydophilia species?

Answer 8

• C. trachomatis:
  
  • PID
  • Urethritis
  • Follicular conjunctivities
  • Reactive Arthritis
• C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci
  
  • Atypical Pneumonia

Question 9

Which bacteria are known for forming spores?

Answer 9

• Bacillus
  
  • anthracis
  • cereus
• Clostridium
  
  • perfringens
  • difficil
  • tetani
  • botulinum
• Coxiella burnetii

Question 10

What cocktail of medications is commonly taken by patients suffering from severe cirrhosis?

Answer 10

• Diuretics
• Beta-blockers
  
  • Propanolol or nadalol
• Vitamin K
  
  • Promote coagulation
• Lactulose
  
  • Treat encephalopathy

Question 11

What is the function of MacConkey’s agar?

Answer 11

1. Isolate gram (-) organisms
2. Determine lactose fermenters
   
   • fermentation = pink
   • none = white

Question 12

To which lymph nodes does the rectum drain?

Answer 12

Internal Iliac

Question 13

What are the possible causes of increased Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?

Answer 13

• Obstructive Hepatobiliary Disease
• HCC
• Bone disease
  
  • Paget’s
  • Cancer

Question 14

What are the possible causes of increased serum amylase?

Answer 14

• Acute pancreatitis
• Mumps

Question 15

What are the possible causes of decreased ceruloplasmin?

Answer 15

Wilson Disease

Question 16

What are the possible casues of increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)?

Answer 16

• Liver disease
• Biliary disease
• Alcohol use

Question 17

What are the possible causes on increased serum lipase?

Answer 17

Acute pancreatitis

Question 18

How can you whether ascites is caused by right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome?

Answer 18

• R-HF
  
  • jugular venous distention
• Budd-Chiari
  
  • no JVD

Question 19

What is the treatment for Wilson Disease?

Answer 19

Penicillamine

“Think of pennies, which are made of copper”

Question 20

What is the treatment for hemochromatosis?

Answer 20

Phlebotomy

Deferoxamine (chelator)

Deferasirox

“-fer-“

Question 21

What are the levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in Wilson Disease?

Answer 21

Increased copper

Decreased Ceruloplasmin

(Disease = failure of copper to enter circulation as ceruloplasmin)

Question 22

What are the levels of the following in hemachromatosis?

• Ferritin
• Iron
• TIBC
• Transferrin saturation

Answer 22

• Ferritin = increased
• Iron = increased
• TIBC = decreased
• Transferrin saturation = increased

Question 23

Which Abs are present in type I Autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer 23

• ANA
• anti-smooth muscle Ab

Question 24

Which Abs are present in Type II Autoimmune Hepatitis?

Answer 24

• Anti-liver-kidney microsomal Ab
• Anti-liver cytosol Ab

Question 25

What excitatory neurotransmitter is involved in pain?

Answer 25

Substance P "P for Pain"

Question 26

What disorder is associated with anti-endomysial Abs?

Answer 26

Celiac | (aka anti-tissue transglutaminase ab)

Question 27

Which immune deficiency causes anaphylaxis to blood products with IgA?

Answer 27

Selective IgA deficiency

Question 28

Which immune deficiency causes coarse facial features, abscesses, and eczema?

Answer 28

Hyper-IgE Syndome aka Job Syndrome Pay attention to abscesses!

Question 29

Which immune deficiency causes thrombocytopenia, purpura, infections, and eczema?

Answer 29

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome B and T Cell deficiency "WAITER" * Wiskott * Aldrich * Immunodeficiency * Thrombocytopenia and purpura * Eczema * Recurrent pyogenic infections

Question 30

Which immune deficiency causes delayed separation of the umbilicus?

Answer 30

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Question 31

Which immune deficiency causes neuro defects, partial albinism, and recurrent infections?

Answer 31

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

Question 32

What is the classic triad of symptoms in MS?

Answer 32

"SIN" * Scanning speech * Intention tremor * also: Incontinence and Internuclear ophthalmoplegia * Nystagmus

Question 33

What embryologic structures form the diaphragm?

Answer 33

* Septum transversum * Pleuroperitoneal membranes * Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus * Abdominal wall

Question 34

What nerve is most at risk of injury with supracondylar humerus fracture?

Answer 34

Median Nerve

Question 35

Which nerve and which artery are most at risk for being damaged with a midshaft break of the humerus?

Answer 35

Radial Nerve Deep Brachial Artery

Question 36

What are the treatment options for Pulmonary Hypertension?

Answer 36

* -sentans * Bosentan * antagonize endothelin-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation (decreased resistance) * Prostaglandin agonists * dilate vessels * Dihydropyradine CCB: * Nifedipine * Sildenafil * phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Question 37

What information is relayed via the ventral posterior lateral thalamus?

Answer 37

Somatosensation from the body Ventral posterior = sensation VP**_M_** = _Face_ (**_M_**akeup goes on the _Face_)

Question 38

What info is relayed via the Ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus?

Answer 38

Somatosensation from the face Ventral posterior = sensation VPM = Face (Makeup goes on the Face)

Question 39

What info is relayed via the Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

Answer 39

Info from basal ganglia to cortex