What stain is required to see Cryptococcus?
India Ink
What stain is required to see Pneumocystis jirovecii?
Silver stain
- Used for:
- Legionella
- H. pylori
- Fungi
What stain is required to see Chlamydia?
Giemsa Stain
- Used for: “Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience”
- Chlamydia
- Borriella
- Rickettsia
- Trypanosomes
- Plasmodium
Which organisms are encapsulated?
“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”
- E. coli
- S. pneumoniae
- Pseudomonas
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Klebsiella
- Shigella
- group B strep
What name is given to RBCs that have been partially digested by splenic macrophages?
“Bite cells”
aka Degmacytes
Damage to what nerve is associated with wrist drop?
Radial
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is which type of hypersensitivity?
Type III
Rheumatic Fever is which type of hypersensitivity?
Type II
Polyarteritis nodosa is which type of hypersensitivity?
Type III
Which nerve is most likely damaged by a knee injury?
Tibial n
Which nerve is most likely damaged by a lateral knee injury?
Deep Fibular n
Which nerve is most likely damaged by habitual crossing of the legs?
Common Fibular N
Which two muscle receptors are responsible for opening the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to depolarization?
- Dihydropyridine Receptor
- Ryanidine Receptor
What immunodeficiency involves failure of neutrophils to respond to chemotactic stimuli?
- Hyper-IgE Syndrome (Job Syndrome)
- STAT3 mutation
- Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
- Defect in LFA-1 integrin protein on phagocytes
What immunodeficiency is caused by adenosine deaminase deficicency?
SCID
What immunodeficiency involves failure of endodermal development?
DeGeorge Syndrome
(failure of 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches to develop)
What immunodeficiency is caused by a defective tyrosine kinase?
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
Defect in BTK (no B cell maturation)
Which neurodegenerative disease causes “floppy baby” at birth? What is the defect?
Werdnig-Hoffman Disease
Congeital degeneration of anterior horn cells (LMN lesion)
Which drugs are composed of Abs against TNF?
- Inflixamab
- anti-TNF alpha Ab
- Adalimumab
- ”
- Golimumab
- Certolizumab
Other TNF alpha inhibitor
- Etanercept
- TNF receptor decoy
What exotoxins cause scarlet fever?
Erythrogenic and Pyogenic toxins of S pyogenes
What is the cause of Achalasia?
Loss of Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
(impaired LES relaxation)
How does the body compensate for hypoxia at high altitudes?
- Increased ventilation
- This causes respiratory alkalosis, so kidneys excrete more bicarbonate to compensate
- Increased erythropoeitin
- Increased RBC mass
- Increased Hemoglobin
- Increased number of mitochondria in the cell
- increased cellular efficiency of oxygen
- Increased 2,3-BPG
- Causes O2 release from RBCs
- (Compensates for lack of O2)
For what conditions is hyperbaric oxygen therapy particulary helpful?
- Decompression sickness
- Arterial gas embolism
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Gas gangrene caused by Clostridium difficile
- Osteomyelitis
