Tissues 2

Question 1

Describe the formation of exocrine glands.

Answer 1

A tube is formed as the cells are still attached to the basal lamina

Question 2

Describe the formation of endocrine glands.

Answer 2

Cells lose contact with the surface and become a mass of specialised cells and accumulate around blood vessels

Question 3

What types structures of exocrine gland are there?

Answer 3

Simple

Compound with many branches

Question 4

What shape is a tubular gland?

Answer 4

Long, thin and relatively straight

Question 5

What shape is an acinar gland?

Answer 5

Spherical, like a grape

Question 6

What types of exocrine glands are there?

Answer 6

Mucous glands

Serous glands

Question 7

Describe the secretions of mucous glands.

Answer 7

• Secretion rich in proteoglycans

- Secretion mixed with water gives mucus

Question 8

Describe the secretions of the serous glands.

Answer 8

-Protein rich secretion

Question 9

What are myoepithelial cells?

Answer 9

• Specialised epithelial cells which have contractile cytoplasm.
• They play and important role in encouraging secretion of substances into ducts

Question 10

What is secreted during proteinaceous secretion?

Answer 10

Proteins or hormones

Question 11

Describe steroid endocrine glands.

Answer 11

• They cannot store steroid hormones, only keep the precursor, however that can store protein hormones.
• Steroid hormones made on demand.

Question 12

What are the parenchyma of liver epithelium?

Answer 12

Heptocytes

Question 13

How are hepatocytes arranged in the liver?

Answer 13

-In rows between blood vessels which allows them to take part in secretion

Question 14

What are the support epithelial cells in the liver involved in?

Answer 14

• Lining blood vessels

- Lining bile ducts

Question 15

What are the parenchyma of kidney epithelium?

Answer 15

Epithelial cells

Question 16

How are epithelial cells arranged in the kidney?

Answer 16

Organised into nephrons

Question 17

What are the function of epithelial cells in the kidney?

Answer 17

Multiple functions:

• Filtration of blood
• Partial absorption of filtrate
• Overall to release urine from the kidney

Question 18

What are the support epithelial cells of the kidney involved in?

Answer 18

• Lining blood vessels

- Lining renal pelvis

Question 19

What classifies as abnormal function of epithelial cells?

Answer 19

-Over proliferation
-Under proliferation
-Over secretion
-Under secretion
Loss of cilia/ciliary beat

Question 20

What does the pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 20

Growth hormone

Question 21

What is the result of abnormal function of the pituitary gland/

Answer 21

Over production: Pituitary giantism

Under production: Pituitary dwarfism

Question 22

How can disease affect the function of the uterine tube?

Answer 22

• It contains singles celled mucous glands.
• When infected with chlamydia trachomatis thick mucus is produced
• This can lead to infertility as ovum/sperm become trapped

Question 23

What is considered connective tissue?

Answer 23

• Blood/bone marrow
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Adipose

Question 24

What is connective tissue composed of?

Answer 24

• Fibres (solid rope like)
• Ground substance jelly like)
• Tissue fluid

Question 25

What fibres are in connective tissue?

Answer 25

- Collagen - Elastic - Reticulin

Question 26

What are the physical propertied of collagen?

Answer 26

- Inelastic but flexible | - Great tensile strength

Question 27

What are 3 types of collagen?

Answer 27

- Type I in tendons - Type III in reticulin - Type IV in basal lamina (non-fibrous)

Question 28

How is collagen formed?

Answer 28

- Fibroblasts produce procollagen which is acted on by collagenase - Produces triple stranded helix - Forms collagen fibril - Forms collagen fibres

Question 29

Where is reticulin found?

Answer 29

Lymph

Question 30

What are elastic fibre made from?

Answer 30

Protein elastin

Question 31

How far can elastic fibres stretch?

Answer 31

Can stretch to 1.5 times resting length

Question 32

What are the components of elastic fibres?

Answer 32

- Microfibrils | - Amorphous component

Question 33

How are elastic fibres usually found?

Answer 33

Generally found in sheets and yellow in colour

Question 34

What does ground substance consist of?

Answer 34

- Proteoglycans (protein core+ GAGS) - Hyaluronic acid - Glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin)

Question 35

How can connective tissue be classified?

Answer 35

- Loose - Dense regular - Dense irregular

Question 36

What is loose connective tissue made from?

Answer 36

``` Permanent fixed cells -Fibroblasts -Macrophages -Adipocytes -Mast cells -Undifferentiated mesenchyme cells Transient cells -WBC ```

Question 37

What is an example of a dense regular tissue?

Answer 37

Tendon

Question 38

What is an example of a dense irregular tissue?

Answer 38

Sebaceous gland in the skin

Question 39

Give examples of abnormal functions of connective tissue.

Answer 39

- Blood/bone marrow: leukaemia - Loose/dense: loss/abnormal fibres - Cartilage: tear - Bone: osteoporosis