Age of Toddlers
1-3 years
Biologic Growth
Weight: 5-6lbs/year
Height: 5in/year
Head Cir: 2.5 cm growth during 2nd year
Fontanels: closes 12-18M
Teeth:
Overall look: Potbelly, lordosis, bow-legged, waddle
*at 2 (27lbs avg) height is 50% of what t will be as an adult
Motor Development: Gross
- walks without help by 15M
- Overhand throw by 18M
- Goes up stairs well by 24M
- Runs fairly well by 24M
- By 2.5Y can jump using both feet
- Begins kicking ball
- *should be able to pedal a bike by 3Y
Motor Development: Fine
- Uses cup well by 15M
- Round peg in board (not square) and scribble (full hand motion) by 15M
Builds a tower of cubes
- 2 cubes by 15M
- 3-4 cubes by 18M
- 6-7 cubes by 24M
- Holds crayon with fingers by 24-30M
- Good hand-finger coordination by 30M
- Copies a circle and line by 2 years
Motor Development: Fine 2
Learn to dress themselves
Holds spoon by 15M (spills)
18M uses spoon well
Toddler 1-3 years is all about?
Autonomy and doing for themselves
Sensory Development
Visual acuity is 20/40
- 12M: knows own name
- 2Y: follows simple directions
- 3Y: remembers and repeats 3 numbers
- 19-24M: uses short sentences
- 18M: identifies geometric forms
- 2Y: able to speak 300 words
- Combines at least 2 words together for speaking
- Object permanence fully developed by 2Y
- Ritualism: continue in hospital setting
Stress and Coping
Sources of stress:
- Separation from parents, the dark
- Loud noises, certain persons or situations
- Violence, loss of security object
Signs of stress:
- Negativism, regress (back to wearing diapers), rigidity
- Lack of sociability, tantrums, self-centeredness
Sexuality
- Explore body and body arts
- Masturbation and self-stimulation
- Parental reactions very important
- Learning vocabulary
- Sex role differences evident, may imitate what they see from adults
Individuation and Separation
- Differentiation between self and other, especially mother
- Toddler assumes individual characteristics
- Able to be away from parents for short times
- Less fear of strangers when parents are present
- Parents need to help children when separated
- Need to help child prepare for events
- Between 2-3 years, able to do simple tasks (put away toys)
Language development
Understand more than they can say
- Increasing levels of comprehension
- About 300 words by age 2
- By age 2: multiword sentences
- About 65% is understandable at age 3
**air on side of caution when speech difficulty
-read, sing, talk to child to promote language development
Parallel play
Parallel play: playing alongside other but not really with them
Play
- Focus on increasing control of body
- Gross motor development
- Multiple use of senses to play
- Parallel play
- Imitation play (trucks, dress-up, dishes. cleaning)
- Danger in toys
Psychosocial Development
- Differentiation of self from others
- Toleration of separation from parents
- Ability to withstand delayed gratification
- Control over bodily fluids
- Acquisition of socially acceptable behavior
- Verbal means of communication
- Ability to interact with others in a less egocentric manner (its not ok to steal a toy)
We want child to be potty trained by…
3 years old
Toddlers 1-3: Erikson
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
- most important time to begin limit setting
- Negativism and ritualism very important
-If allowed to do things for themselves, be autonomous, and not told NO all the time they will become confident and feel good.
Toddlers 1-3: Kohlberg
Preconventionalism
- Basic level
- Little concern for why something is wrong, they behave because of the boundaries of freedoms they are given
- Action is considered good or bad depending on whether the action is rewarded or punished
Toddlers 1-3: Piaget
Sensiomotor (0-2 years)
-Intelligence takes the form of motor actions
5th stage: (13-18M) tertiary circular reactions (applies knowledge and experience to new situations)
- Reciprocal responses
- Toddlers are aware that things are still existing even when they cannot see them (object permanence)
Egocentrism
- sees the world from their own eyes (taking toys away)
- Difficulty sharing
Pre-operational Phase (2-7Y)
- Egocentric speech- repeating over and over
- Concerned with why and how
- Animism: table has consciousness (bad table)
- They think everyone is thinking like them
Temperament
Temperament in infancy carries over to toddlerhood
However, the negativism is present in all developmentally normal toddlers
Interventions:
- Discipline depends on temperament
- Children need “warnings” and clearly communicated limits on behavior (so they know that to expect)
Negativism
“Mine” and “NO” from toddler (want to feel in control)
Potty Training
Physical factors
- developmental ability to control sphincters at 18-24 months
- Bladder capacity increases (at 14-18 months can retain for 2 hours)
Psychophysiological factors needed:
- Must be able to recognize the urge to go and then hold it (and be able to communicate this to someone)
- Motivation to please parents and others
Toddler Common Concerns
- Sibling rivalry
- another baby causes issues - Temper tantrums
- Do not give in - Negativism
- Give them choices so they feel in control, do not give them the option of NO
