What is a monohybrid cross?
crosses of two varieties of true breeding plants that only differ in one character
What is a test cross?
an F1 hybrid or a homozygous dominant is crossed with a homozygous recessive
What is Mendel’s first law?
The law of segregation-two alleles separate independently from each other through meiosis
What is the multiplicative rule in probability?
Events A and B are independent and the probability that they will occur together is their product
What is the additive rule in probability?
The odds that only one independent events occurs at a time Pa+Pb -(PaxPb)
What is a dihybrid cross?
cross of two traits
What is the second mendelian law?
Law of independent assortment-alleles of two or more genes segregate independently during meiosis
How would you determine the number of phenotypes present for a trihybrid or more organism?
(3/4D + 1/4R)^n
How would you determine the frequency of a AA bb Cc Dd genotype?
Apply first law-1:2:2:1 to every gene and use multiplicative rule
AA-0.25
bb-0.25
Cc-0.5
Dd-0.5=1/64
What is the degrees of freedom for the Chi squared test in genetics?
phenotypes-1
When do you ‘fail to reject’ the hypothesis in a Chi squared test?
When the value is smaller than the critical value
What is haplosufficiency?
when one wildtype allele can rescue the non functioning mutant allele
What is a sign in a pedigree that the mutation is autosomal recessive?
skips generations, affects males and females equally
How can you tell by a pedigree if a disease is autosomal dominant?
in every generation and affects sexes equally
What assumption should be made about affected individuals from a dominant autosomal disorder?
Must be heterozygous because two dominance genes are often lethal in embryos
