What controls the new fate of alleles in a population?
sexual selection, natural selection, gene flow and genetic drift
What are SNPs?
single nucleotide polymorphisms
What are microsatellites?
sequence tandem repeats
How can you detect SNPs?
microarrays or WGS
How can you detect microsatellites?
PCR or Southern blots
What are haplotypes?
combination of alleles at multiple loci that segregate together in the same chromosomes
What are examples of haplotypes in humans?
Y chromosome and mitoDNA
What is the theory of allele frequencies?
for a locus with two possible alleles in a population, the sum of their respective frequncies should be 1 (p + q =1)
When is a gene considered to be polymorphic?
When q has a frequency greater than 0.01
What is a gene pool?
sum of all alleles in the breeding members of a population at a given time
What are the stipulations for the HWP?
infinite in size
random mating
no natural selection
no immigration or emigration
no mutations
What does it mean for a population to be in HWE?
allele frequencies do not change over time
What does q2 represent?
frequency of a/a in population
What is positive mating and disassortitative mating?
positive-choose similarities
dis-opposites attract
What is F?
inbreeding coefficient-probability that two alleles will trace back to a common ancestor
What is the formula for F?
1/2^n where n is # of individuals in the inbreeding loop not counting individual being calculated
How do you account for F if there is more than 1 inbreeding loop?
calculate both separately and then add
How do you calculate for F when the common ancestor is also inbred?
1/2^n x [1 + Fca]
What is linkage equilibrium?
the random association of alleles giving ot equal chance of their presence in the gametes
What is linkage disequillibrium?
allele of one locus present on a chromosome with an allele of another gene more often than expected
How do you quantify LD?
observed frequency - expected frequency
When is migration a good thing in population genetics?
bridging between reproductively isolated subpopulations which has the opposite effects of inbreeding
What is genetic drift?
allele frequencies changing from generation to generation
How do you calculate the fixation or extinction of a gene?
p^2N
