What is a source?
Where the chemical came from
What is meant by the term fate?
where the chemical goes-the toxicokinetics
What is meant by the term effects?
the toxiocdynamics-the MOA
Describe the source, fate and effect of the Minimata Bay disaster.
Source: chemical company effluent containing mercury
Fate: mercury ended up in the sediment on the Minimata Bay
Effect: inhibition of selenoenzymes that prevent repair of oxidative stress
What are some of the symptoms present in Minimata disease?
shaking, mental problems,
Describe the source, fate and effect of the Grassy Narrows issue.
Source: effluent from pulp and paper mill
Fate: into fish
Effect: loss of first nations way of life and negative effects on fish
Describe the source fate and effect of Kepone.
Source: Allied Chemical Company
Fate: factory workers exposed to dust and also in estuary sediment
Effect: workers had neurological symptoms, fish had issues and then went up in food chain into birds
What is kepone?
insecticide made in Hopewell Virginia, polycyclic ketone with chlorine (organochlorine)
Describe the source, fate and effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
Source: Ship crash carrying 160 barrels
Fate: 40-45% washed to shore, 7-11% washed up on other parts of the gulf, 28000km2 covered in oil
Effect: acute: 1000-2500 sea otters killed, birds displaced, chronic: sea urchin boom killing kelp leading no place for fish to hide from predators
What are some early examples of aquatic toxicology?
Indigneous peoples using rotenone to stun and kill fish
Romans using lead water pipes
What is Kathleen Carpenter’s 4 experiments leading to the weight of evidence approach
- found altered species composition in stream below mines
- caged both goldfish and minnows in stream and observed deaths in both populations (species sensitivity)
- recovery of biota after mine closure
- identified mine salts as toxic agent and discovered that they coat the gills leading to suffocation
What were the source, fate and effects of the mercury incident in Saskatoon?
Source: chlor-alkali plant effluent
Fate: caused increased levels of mercury in fish only on West side
Effect: minks died
