TOPIC 1 (UNIT 1)

Question 1

taxonomy

Answer 1

scheme of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships (most recent common ancestry)

Question 2

carl linnaeus

Answer 2

organized organisms into hierarchical
classification systems in mid-
18th century

proposed kingdom, class, order, genus, species (missing domain, family and phylum)

binomial nomenclature for each
species. e.g., Homo sapiens

Question 3

what are rules of binomial nomenclature for species

Answer 3

ex. Homo sapiens
first word = genus
second word = species

always italicized, if not then underlined

genus is always capitalized, species is always not

Question 4

latin names should have what 3 characteristics

Answer 4

uniqueness - no 2 species should have the same name

universality - everyone should use the same naming convention to refer to a species

stability - once a species has been named, it should not be changed

Question 5

breakdown origin of term phylogenetics

Answer 5

phylo: greek for tribe -> group
genetics: greek - “genesis” and latin for origin

Question 6

5 kingdoms

Answer 6

protists - algae, mucus

monerans - bacteria

fungi - mushrooms, yeast

plants - trees, ferns, moss

animals - insect, horse, squid, sponge

Question 7

domains of life

Answer 7

monerans:
1. bacteria
2. archaea
- methane rich environments (-methano), high temp environments (-thermo, -pyro), and salt loving (-halophiles)

non-monerans
3. eukaryota

Question 8

extant vs extinct

Answer 8

extant -> alive
extinct -> dead, non-existent

Question 9

taxon

Answer 9

group of organisms

Question 10

sister taxon

Answer 10

evolutionarily most closely related groups of organisms

Question 11

taxa

Answer 11

plural of taxon

Question 12

node on a phylogenetic tree

Answer 12

shared ancestor

Question 13

ancestral vs derived

Answer 13

ancestral: less recent ancestor
derived: more recent ancestor

** relative terms

Question 14

monophyly

Answer 14

common descent from a single ancestor

a monophyletic group includes an ancestor and ALL of its descendents

Question 15

paraphyly

Answer 15

refers to a group that includes an ancestor and some but not all of its decendents

Question 16

polyphyly

Answer 16

refers to a group that does not include their common ancestoor

Question 17

synapomorphy

Answer 17

derived trait shared by 2+ taxa and postulated to have been inherited from their common ancestor

also referred to as a “shared derived character”

ex. the node between vertebrata and gnathostomata, from there on out, all organisms on the tree have jaws

Question 17

name the subphyla

Answer 17

vertebrata

tunicates

cephalochordates

Question 17

gnathostomata

Answer 17

“jawed” “mouths”

Question 18

osteichthyes

Answer 18

bony fishes
“oste” -> bones

Question 19

chondrichthyes

Answer 19

“cartilage”

sharks, rays, chimaeras

Question 20

chondri

Answer 20

cartilate

Question 21

oste

Answer 21

bones

Question 22

ichthyes

Answer 22

fish

Question 23

stomes

Answer 23

mouth

Question 24

sarcopterygii

Answer 24

fleshy fins

Question 25

rhipidistia

Answer 25

"bellows" organisms with lungs

Question 26

tetrapoda

Answer 26

4 feet

Question 27

tetra

Answer 27

4

Question 28

poda

Answer 28

feet

Question 29

sauropsida

Answer 29

lizard faces

Question 30

amniota

Answer 30

possess embryonic membrane

Question 31

chordata

Answer 31

organisms that possess a notochord

Question 32

notos

Answer 32

back

Question 33

chorde

Answer 33

string

Question 34

oura

Answer 34

tail

Question 35

kephale

Answer 35

head

Question 36

phalo

Answer 36

head

Question 37

classification of life (categories)

Answer 37

domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species