1
Q
characteristics of bony vertebrates
A
- ossified endoskeleton with endochondral bone, in addition to the dermal and perichondral bone
- enamel
- gas containing structure (either gas bladder or lungs)
2
Q
ossified
A
mineralized
3
Q
endo
A
internal
4
Q
endochondral bone
A
bone formed from cartilaginous precursor
5
Q
perichondral bone
A
bone in skull, around endochondral bone
6
Q
2 classes of osteichthyes
A
- actinopterygii
- sarcopterygii
7
Q
actinopterygii
A
ray finned fishes
8
Q
sarcopterygii
A
lobe finned fishes
9
Q
are chondrichthyes osteichthyes?
A
no!
10
Q
ancestral oteichthyan fin structure
A
have a row of basals that interact with limb girdle, followed radials and then fin rays (fin rays support the web of the fin)
11
Q
actinopterygian fin structure (compared to ancestral structure)
A
fins of most have lost basals and radials attach to limb girdles
12
Q
sarcopterygian fin structure (compared to ancestral structure)
A
have a single basal that articulates with the limb girdles
13
Q
2 major divisions of actinopterygians
A
- non-teleosts
- teleosts
14
Q
main differences between teleosts and non-teleosts
A
- jaw mobility (greater in tele)
- tail shape: homocercal (teleosts) vs heterocercal (non-teleosts)
15
Q
examples of non-teleosts
A
polypteriformes
- multiple fins
- stagnant water environ (less oxygen)
- 2 lungs
avipensiformes
- some w/ lungs, some w/o
lepsosteiformes
- stagnant water environ
- no lungs, vascularized gas chamber
amiiformes
- stagnant water environ
- slow rivers
16
Q
why is the sturgeon fish a significant oteichthye?
A
considered as transition between actinopterygians and sarcopterygians
17
Q
sturgeon profile
A
- transition between actino and sarcopt
- large, benthic (exist at bottom of water system), with heterocercal tail
- found in northern hemisphere
- freshwater and marine (major river systems)
- marine forms go to freshwater to breed
18
Q
glosso
A
tongue
18
Q
teleost divisions and name examples of them
A
- osteoglossomorpha (ex. elephant nose fish)
- elopamorpha (ex. eel)
- otocephala (ex. herring, catfish)
- euteleostei (ex. salmon)
19
Q
oto
A
ear
20
Q
cephalo
A
head
21
Q
eu
A
true
22
Q
tele
A
entire
23
Q
ostei
A
bone
24
osteoglossomorpha characteristics
elephant nose fish
- bony tongue
- some communicate and sense their environment via electric discharges
- minor electric field, detect prey/predators
25
elopamorpha characteristics
include bonefishes, tarpons and true eels
most live in marine environments but some are freshwater
unique: leptocephalus larvae (small head)
26
elopa
marine
27
lepto
small
28
do eels live in marine or freshwater environments?
both!
29
american eel (Anguilla rostrata) profile
migrates from freshwater to sea to breed: catadromous
leptocephalus larvae float and drift to coast where they morph into glass eels
semelparous
30
catadromous
migrates from freshwater to sea to breed
31
anadromous
migrates from sea to freshwater to breed
32
semelparous
reproduce then die
33
life stages of an american eel
1. eggs
- a female will lay 20-30M eggs
2. leptocephalus
- flat and transparent, larvae drift with ocean currents for 1y+ until reaching coast
3. glass eel
- 2-3 inches long and eel shaped, grown fins and able to swim
4. elver
- 4-5 inches and migrates to inland rivers/ponds where it lives for 30y+
5. yellow eel
- adult yellow phase, eels are nocturnal feeders, male may reach 2 feet and females 4 feet
6. silver eel
- sexual maturity, leaves freshwater for sargasso sea to spawn and die (semelparous)
34
otocephala characteristics
herring, catfish etc
very diverse
- marine schooling fish and carnivorous freshwater fish
most marine otocephala are anadromous
weberian apparatus: small bones that connect swim bladder to inner ear
flight reaction due to release of pheromones from other fish
35
explain the weberian apparatus
distinct physical feature of otocephala
small bones that connect swim bladder to the inner ear
sound vibrations in bladder get transferred thru weberian ossicles which are connected to the inner ear
36
euteleostei
salmon etc etc
thousands of species
diverse life history and morphology
37
examples of euteleostei
flying fish
sword fish
archer fish
38
modes of swimming
1. anguilliform
2. carangiform
3. ostraciiform
4. labriform
5. rajiform
6. amiiform
7. gymnotiform
8. balistiform
38
fish locomotion of swimming
anterior to posterior sequential contractions of muscle segments on one side of body and simultaneous relaxation on other
move by passing sin wave under body
most visible in elongated fish
39
draw a diagram of a fish with all its fins and lift/buoyancy, thrust, weight and drag arrows
top: lift+buoyancy, dorsal fins
back: drag, tail/caudal fins
bottom: weight, ventral, pectoral, anal
front: thrust, ventral/pectoral
39
names of fish fins
ventral/pelvic
pectoral
dorsal
tail/caudal
anal
40
anguillidae
family of eels
41
carangiform
undulations limited to the caudal region
typical of jacks (caranx spp)
different from anguilliform - eels move whole body whereas jacks move caudal region
42
anguilliform (draw a diagram)
form of swimming movement
typical of highly flexible fish - eels
sin wave muscles contract left to right
43
carangidae
family of jacks
44
ostraciiform
caudal fin undulation
inflexible body
boxfishes, cowfishes, trunkfish
only the tail itself
45
labriform
rapid undulation of pectoral fins - only moves front fins
ex. sticklebacks and wrasses
46
amiiform
mode of swimming movement - use only dorsal fin
only uses top fin, body doesn't move
47
rajiform
mode of swimming movement - use elongated pectoral fins
sin wave under fins (stingrays/skates)
48
gymnotiform
mode of swimming movement - use only anal fins
only uses bottom fin, body doesn't move
49
balistiform
mode of swimming movement - uses dorsal and anal fins (top and bottom fins)
50
actinopterygian reproduction characteristics
1. most lay eggs (mostly oviparous but some are viviparous)
2. nutrition varies from lecithotrophy to matrotrophy
3. varying degrees of parental care (r/k selection)
4. sex determination can be fixed, change sexes, hermaphroditic or completely female - dependent on evolutionary fitness
51
r selection vs k selection
r -> minimal care, lots of offspring
k -> lots of care, minimal offspring
52
actinopterygian reproduction: oviparity
freshwater vs marine vary
freshwater:
- usually have small number of demersal eggs (eggs in sediment, nest)
marine:
- usually have large number of eggs that are transparent and buoyant
individuals maximize energy - use all to reproduce w/o parental care or use less energy to produce less eggs and more parental care
53
actinopterygian reproduction: terrestrial
many lay eggs at high tide and eggs develop over about 2 weeks before next high tide
ex. grunion in california
females lay eggs on sand, incubated in sand, in sand for 2 weeks developing until larvae get washed up
54
actinopterygian reproduction: viviparity
seen in 12 lineages of teleosts but only 3% of species viviparous
ex. poecilidae and synthgnathidae (seahorses)
55
key challenges of antinopterygians in deep sea
1. absences
2. little food (no photosynthesis)
56
is there fish diversity in mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the ocean? if so, what are species typically like?
yes
small with sparse populations
resulting selection pressures include predator avoidance and finding a mate
most are visually oriented, small populations in a large overall volume
57
mesopelagic
middle ocean
58
bathypelagic
deep ocean
59
where does biomass peak in the ocean?
200m - where photosynthesis occurs
60
epipelagic
surface ocean
61
fish from depths of 2000m - 5000m below are _______. they have developed __________ (evo trait) - why?
opportunistic, big mouths, because there is limited food
62
physical characteristics of deep sea fish
large mouths and stomachs -> need to eat any prey
many have photophores -> organs that produce light via a symbiosis with photobacterium species
may attract prey or be used to find potential mates
63
examples of deep sea fish
barbled dragonfish
tripod fish
pelican eel
dragonfish
64
anglerfish - order lophiliformes
male physically attaches to female circulatory system, fertilizes eggs
eggs then float up to surface for food
as eggs metamorphize into adults, they sink down, males look for females to latch onto and act as a parasite
females typically only have 1 male
65
3 lineages of sarcopterygian fishes
1. actinistians (coelacanths)
2. dipnoans (lungfishes)
3. tetrapodomorpho fishes (extinct ancestors of tetrapods)
66
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68
BIOL 211
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