prompting
- giving stimuli before and during performance of behavior to increase the likelihood that person will engage in the target behavior at the correct time
- function is to produce instance of correct behavior so it can be reinforced
what to prompts supplement?
normal S^D or modify it to make it more salient or make s-delta less salient
response prompt
behavior of another person that evokes the target behavior from the target person when S^D is also present
- varies intrusiveness
- one person exerting control over another
verbal prompt
hints, instructions, commands or other spoken words used to guide or direct behavior
- modeling prompt
- effective because people have a history of reinforcement for following instructions and develop generalized instruction following repertoire
- instructions have stimulus control over instruction-following behavior
gestural prompt
physical movements that indicate how, where or what behavior to perform
- in the presence of S^D
modeling prompt
demonstration of entire target behavior by another person
- observes and imitates modeled behavior in presence of S^D
- effective because people have history of reinforcement for imitating models and develop generalized imitative behavior
physical guidance prompt
another person physically assists in execution of target behavior
- hand-over-hand guidance in which trainer guides person’s hand through behavior
- physical prompting
three-step prompting
use prompts progressively, starting with verbal, modeling then physical guidance prompts
stimulus prompt
- S^D is changed (within stimulus) or stimulus is added (extra-stimulus) or removed to encourage target behavior
- change S^D or S-delta that makes S^D more salient and S-delta less salient so person is more likely to respond to S^D
within-stimulus prompt
changing the S^D in some way
extra-stimulus prompt
adding a stimulus to S^D
picture prompts
drawings or photos
- Wacker and Berg help adolescents with intellectual disabilities complete complex vocational tasks correctly
auditory prompts
sounds
- no speech
environmental prompts
alterations or additions to physical surroundings in which S^D is presented
stimulus control
prompts are faded, reduced or eliminated so that target behavior occurs to the normal S^D alone, behavior continues to be reinforced
- prompting and fading help establish
fading
gradual elimination of prompting as the behavior continues to occur in presence of S^D so that eventually it is no longer needed
- transferred from prompts to S^D
response prompt fading
- prompt fading
response prompt is gradually lessened
fading within prompt
same prompt used but is decreased in magnitude
- Berkowitz: physical prompting and fading within prompt to teach boys with profound intellectual disabilities to eat with a spoon
fading across prompts
prompt is changed according to prompting hierarchy
- most to least prompting and fading
- least to most prompting and fading
most to least prompting and fading
- decreasing assistance
- prompts change from more intrusive to less intrusive
(physical guidance - modeling - gestural - verbal) - teaching a skill and person likely needs physical guidance prompt
least to most prompting and fading
- increasing assistance
- system of least prompts
- prompts change from less to more intrusive until behavior is performed
- learned the skill and may not need physical guidance prompt
graduated guidance
used in fading physical guidance prompts, teacher provides as much physical guidance as required then gradually reduces it
- pressure/contact may be reduced
shadowing
teacher’s hand follows learner’s movement without contact
spatial fading
focus on guidance changes from fingers, to hand, to wrist, to elbow
- teacher’s hand contact
