AS Level Biology > Topic 1A (Definitions) > Flashcards

Topic 1A (Definitions) Flashcards

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1
Q

anion

A

a negative ion

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2
Q

cation

A

a positive ion

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3
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonds formed when atoms give or receive electrons; they result in charged particles called ions

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4
Q

covalent bonds

A

bonds formed when atoms share electrons

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5
Q

dipole

A

the separation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared

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6
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule containing a dipole

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7
Q

dissociation

A

splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions, especially by a reversible process

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8
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom

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9
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer

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10
Q

polymer

A

a long-chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds

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11
Q

macromolecule

A

a very large molecule often formed by polymerisation

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12
Q

starch

A

a long-chain polymer formed of glucose monomers

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13
Q

sucrose

A

a sweet-tasting disaccharide formed by the joining of glucose and fructose by a 1,4-glycosidic bond

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14
Q

glucose

A

a hexose sugar

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15
Q

monosaccharide

A

a single sugar monomer

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16
Q

disaccharide

A

a sugar made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond, formed in a condensation reaction

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17
Q

polysaccharide

A

a polymer consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

triose sugar

A

a sugar with three carbon atoms

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19
Q

pentose sugar

A

a sugar with five carbon atoms

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20
Q

ribose

A

a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of RNA

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21
Q

deoxyribose

A

a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of DNA

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22
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a nucleic acid that is the genetic material in many organisms

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23
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

a nucleic acid which is the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis

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24
Q

hexose sugar

A

sugar with six carbon atoms

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25
isomers
molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures
26
condensation reaction
a reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting molecules as a bond is formed between them
27
glycosidic bond
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, which can be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction to release the monosaccharide units
28
reducing sugars
sugars that react with blue Benedict's solution and reduce the copper(II) ions to copper(I) ions giving an orangey-red precipitate
29
non-reducing sugars
sugars that do not react with Benedicts solution
30
oligosaccharides
molecules with between 3 and 10 monosaccharide units
31
hydrolysis
a reaction in which bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water
32
ATP
the molecule that acts as a universal energy supply molecule in all cells
33
end products
the final products of a chemical reaction
34
amylose
a complex carbohydrate containing only a-glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds so the molecules form long unbranched chains
35
amylopectin
a complex carbohydrate made up of a-glucose monomers joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with some 1,6-glycosidic bonds so the molecules branch repeatedly
36
glycogen
a complex carbohydrate with many a-glucose units joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with many 1,6-glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches
37
lipids
a large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms; they include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
38
fatty acids
organic acids with a long hydrocarbon chain
39
glycerol
propane-1,2,3-triol, an important component of triglycerides
40
ester bonds
bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of a fatty acid and one of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol.
41
saturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond
42
unsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds in them
43
monounsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
44
polyunsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
45
esterification
the process by which ester bonds are made
46
haemoglobin
a red pigment that carries oxygen and gives the erythrocytes their colour
47
amino acids
the building blocks of proteins consisting of an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies between amino acids
48
peptide bond
the bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids
49
dipeptide
two amino acids joined by a peptide bond
50
polypeptide
a long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
51
disulfide bond
a strong covalent bond produced by an oxidation reaction between sulfur groups in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide
52
fibrous proteins
proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that produce fibres; they have little tertiary structure
53
denaturation
the loss of the 3D shape of a protein (e.g. caused by changes in temperature or pH)
54
collagen
a strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure
55
globular proteins
large proteins with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical (globular) shapes
56
hydrophobic
a substance that tends to repel water and that will not mix with or dissolve in water
57
hydrophilic
a substance with an affinity for water that will readily dissolve in or mix with water
58
colloid
a suspension of molecules that are not fully dissolved
59
prosthetic group
the molecule incorporated in a conjugated protein
60
conjugated proteins
protein molecules joined with or conjugated to another molecule called a prosthetic group
61
lipoproteins
conjugated proteins with a lipid prosthetic group
62
glycoproteins
conjugated proteins with a carbohydrate prosthetic group
63
proteases
protein-digesting enzymes
AS Level Biology
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