Topic 3 - 1

Question 1

When did Darwin visit the Galapagos?

Answer 1

1831-1836

Question 2

explain the three processes that make natural selection

Answer 2

environmental Factors, selection pressure, change in organisms

Question 3

Explain the three processes that make artificial selection

Answer 3

Human intervention, Selection pressure, change in organisms

Question 4

What are the different ways that human intervention are seen in artificial selection?

Answer 4

selective breeding, gmo

Question 5

what is the order of the contributions of people to evolution

Answer 5

Linnaeus, Hutton, Malthus, Lamarck, Cuvier, Lyell, Darwin and Wallace

Question 6

How many main people contributed to evolution ideas?

Answer 6

8

Question 7

What were the contributions of Linnaeus?

Answer 7

• Father of taxonomy
• Binomial nomenclature
• system plantarum
• system naturae

Question 8

who is the father of taxonomy?

Answer 8

Linnaeus

Question 9

who created the binomial nomenclature system?

Answer 9

Linnaeus

Question 10

What were the contributions of James Hutton?

Answer 10

• developed paleontology
• Gradualism - 1795

Question 11

define gradualism

Answer 11

• change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous process

Question 12

who proposed gradualism?

Answer 12

Hutton

Question 13

Who was the father of demography?

Answer 13

Malthus

Question 14

Define Demography

Answer 14

the study of human dynamics/populations

Question 15

What were the contributions of Thomas Malthus?

Answer 15

• Father of demography
• the power of the pop is greater than the earth to produce for man.
• populations grow exponentially while agriculture grows linear

Question 16

populations grow __________

Answer 16

exponentially

Question 17

Agriculture grows ___________

Answer 17

linearly

Question 18

What contributions did Lamarck have?

Answer 18

• initial idea of evolution - 1809
• law of use and disuse
• acquired characteristics

Question 19

What is the law of use and disuse?

Answer 19

• if traits are used continuously - they become more developed
• if not used - they are lost

Question 20

What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics theory?

Answer 20

changes that occurred/acquired in ones lifetime would be passed onto offspring.

Question 21

who proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics theory?

Answer 21

lamarck

Question 22

who proposed the law of use and disuse?

Answer 22

Lamarck

Question 23

what were Cuvier’s Contributions?

Answer 23

• catastrophism
• did not believe in gradualism

Question 24

Organisms do not appear through….

Answer 24

spontaneous generation

Question 25

Physical changes acquired in a lifetime are _______ passed on to offspring... this is what?

Answer 25

- Not - theory of acquired characteristics

Question 26

define catastrophism

Answer 26

- destruction of species and subsequent invasion - changes to the earth are a result of sudden violent and unusual events

Question 27

What were Lyell's contributions?

Answer 27

Uniformitarianism

Question 28

what is uniformitarianism?

Answer 28

- geological processes remain unchanged in time b/c so slow

Question 29

when was darwins voyage and what was it called?

Answer 29

voyage of the beagle 1831-1836

Question 30

what did wallace do?

Answer 30

- Father of biogeography - proposed theory of natural selection but always gave credit to darwin

Question 31

Darwin and Wallace joined papers in what year?

Answer 31

1858

Question 32

Darwins book was published in what year?

Answer 32

1859

Question 33

what is biogeography?

Answer 33

studies the present and past distribution patterns of biological diversity and their underlying environmental and historical causes. - the distribution of things around the world

Question 34

What is the name of Darwins book?

Answer 34

on the origin of species by means of natural selection

Question 35

there is always pressure on ___________ when it comes to _________. Explain.

Answer 35

a population when it comes to its resources - populations will always remain within a limit - high mortality rates before reproduction - reproduce at rates lower than max.

Question 36

Individuals __________ within populations

Answer 36

vary

Question 37

What were Darwin's Main Observations? (4)

Answer 37

- Populations have a high capacity to grow - within a limit - individuals vary within a pop - reproductive success varies among individuals - some traits are inherited and passed on

Question 38

Natural selection is a mechanism ____________ occurs

Answer 38

through which evolution

Question 39

define natural selection

Answer 39

-differential reproductive success among individuals due to the interaction with environment - mechanism that allows populations to respond to the environment by refining adaptive traits to meet challenges of environment

Question 40

evolutionary change needs ________

Answer 40

genetic/heritable variation

Question 41

Individuals are subject to _________ but populations ___________

Answer 41

natural selection evolve

Question 42

evolution happens at the ________ level

Answer 42

population

Question 43

What are the three modes of selection?

Answer 43

- directional - stabilizing - disruptive

Question 44

explain disruptive selection

Answer 44

- mean values selected against (extremes favored) - results in two distinct groups

Question 45

explain stabilizing selection

Answer 45

- both extremes selected against - pop stabilizes at a certain mean value - in the middle -

Question 46

explain directional selection

Answer 46

- one extreme is selected against/ one extreme survives better or reproduced more than the others - shifts to right or left

Question 47

give an example for each of the modes of selection

Answer 47

directional - finches beaks - depending on the food source stabilizing - birth size disruptive/diversifying - black bellied finches

Question 48

disruptive selection is also known as...

Answer 48

diversifying

Question 49

Not all adaptation is___________

Answer 49

adaptive