Topic 3: Values

Question 1

What are values? What do they do?

Answer 1

• Relatively stable, evaluative beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations.
• Define right or wrong
• Can be catagorized into systems or hierarchies.

Question 2

How are values linked to behavior? When will they be strongly linked?

Answer 2

Habitual behavior is usually consistant with values, but conscious behavior is less so.

Decisions and behavior tend to be linked to values when:

• We are mindful of others
• We have logical reasons to apply values in that situation
• The situation does not interfere

Question 3

What value models are considered in this course?

Answer 3

• Schwartz’s model of values
• Holfstede’s cultural model of values

Question 4

What are the broad catagories in Schwartz’s values model? Briefly explain them.

Answer 4

• Openness to change: Motivation to pursue innovative ways
• Conservation: motivation to preserve the status quo
• Self-enhancement: motivated by self interest
• Self-transcendence: motivation to promote welface of others and nature.

Question 5

What values fall under openness to change?

Answer 5

• Self-direction (creativity, independent thought)
• Stimulation (excitment, challange)
  Hedonism (shared)

Question 6

What values fall under Self-Enhancement?

Answer 6

• Hedonism
• Achievement (pursuit of success)
• Power (dominance over others)

Question 7

What values fall under Conservation

Answer 7

• Security
• Tradition/Conformity

Question 8

What values fall under Self-Transcendence

Answer 8

• Universalism (concern for welfare of all people and nature)
• Benevolense (concern for others in one’s life)

Question 9

What is value congruence?

Answer 9

When two or more entities have similar value systems.

Question 10

What are problems and benifits with value incongruence

Answer 10

Incongruence between companies and employees can lead to incompatible decisions, lower satisfaction & loyaldy, higher stress, and higher turnover.

Incongruence can be constructive however, and lead to beter decision making, avoids corporate cults

Question 11

What is individualism as a value? What countries score high / low in this?

Answer 11

The degree to which people value personal freedom, self‐sufficiency, control over themselves, being appreciated for unique qualities.

Australia & Italy rank high, Taiwan ranks low

Question 12

What is collectivism as a value? What countries rank high and low?

Answer 12

The degree to which people value their group membership and harmonious relationships within the group.

• Italy and Taiwan score high
• Australia scores low

Question 13

What is power distance as a value? What countries rank high and low?

Answer 13

High power distance:

• Value obedience to authority
• Comfortable receiving commands from superiors
• Prefer formal rules and authority to resolve conflicts

Low power distance

• Expect relatively equal power sharing
• View relationship with boss as interdependence, not dependence

​Country Ranking

• Malaysia, Venezuela rank high
• New Zealand and Israel rank low

Question 14

What is Uncertainty Avoidance as a value? What countries rank high/low?

Answer 14

High uncertainty avoidance

• feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty
• value structured situations and direct communication

Low uncertainty avoidance

• tolerate ambiguity and uncertainty

Countries

• Greece and Japan rank high
• Singapore ranks low
• Australia in the middle.

Question 15

What is achievement-nuturing orientation as a value? What countries rank high and low?

Answer 15

High achievement orientation

• Assertiveness
• Competitiveness
• Materialism

High nurturing orientation

• Relationships
• Others’ wellbeing

Countries

• Japan ranks high
• Sweden ranks low
• Australia in the middle.

Question 16

What are the three ethical principles?

Answer 16

• Utalitarianism
• Individual rights
• Distributive justice

Question 17

What factors maginify moral intensity perceptions?

Answer 17

Mind Clueless Peter TPC

• Magnitude of consequences
• Social consensus
• Probability of effect
• Temporal immediacy
• Proximity
• Concentration of effect (the more people clearly identified as harmed).

Question 18

Influences on ethical conduct

Answer 18

• Moral intensity: degree that issue demands ethical principles
• Ethical sensitivity: ability to recognise presence and determine relative importance
• Situational influences: competitive pressures and otehr conditions

Question 19

How can ethical behavior be supported?

Answer 19

• Ethical code of conduct
• Ethics training
• Ethics hotlines
• Ethical leadership and culture

Question 20

What are the cultural values we examine?

Answer 20

• Individualism
• Collectivism
• Power distance
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• Achievement-Nuturing