biology med 103 > topic 4 > Flashcards

topic 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules with complex structures

composed of covalently bonded atoms

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2
Q

4 classes of biological macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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3
Q

3 of 4 classes of organic molecules are polymers

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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4
Q

subunit of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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5
Q

subunit of proteins

A

amino acids

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6
Q

subunit of lipids

A

fatty acids

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7
Q

subunit of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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8
Q

dehydration reaction

A

2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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9
Q

enzymes

A

macromolecules that speed up chemical processes

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10
Q

carbohydrates

A

carbo- (carbon)
hydro- (water)

multiples of the unit (CH2O)n

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11
Q

examples of pentoses

A

ribose, deoxyribose (n=5)

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12
Q

examples of hexoses

A

glucose, fructose (n=6)

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13
Q

monosaccharides

A

the simplest carbohydrates (single sugars)

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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

carbohydrate polymers made of many sugar building blocks

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15
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose

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16
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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17
Q

oligosaccharides

A

composed of 20-30 monosaccharides

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18
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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19
Q

monosaccharides are classified by two things

A
  • location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketose)
  • the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
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20
Q

an aldose sugar

A

when the carbonyl group (C=O) is at the end

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21
Q

a ketose sugar

A

when the carbonyl group is not at the end

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22
Q

structure of monosaccharides

A

may be linear but in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings

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23
Q

covalent bond between two monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

maltose is composed of

A

glucose + glucose

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25
lactose is composed of
glucose+ galactose
26
sucrose is composed of
glucose + fructose
27
storage polysaccharides
- polymers consisting entirely of glucose monomers - starch and glycogen
28
starch
- major storage polysaccharide in plants - is stored as granules within chloroplasts and amyloplasts
29
glycogen
- storage polysaccharide in animals - stored in mainly liver and muscle cells
30
structural polysaccharides
chitin and cellulose
31
cellulose
- major component of plant cell wall - an unbranched β-glucose polymer
32
what does cellulose have that is different than starch?
different glycosidic linkages
33
starch has _____ linkage while cellulose has _____ linkage
α-linkage, β-linkage
34
how can herbivores (such as cows) digest cellulose while humans can't?
herbivores have microbes in their stomachs that can break down cellulose
35
chitin
structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungal cell walls
36
lipids
- the one class of biological molecules that do not consist of polymers - hydrophobic (have no affinity for water)
37
biologically important lipids
- fats - phospholipids - steroids
38
triglycerides
- storage form of fat - glycerol + 3 fatty acids
39
fatty acid structure
R - COOH R - long hydrocarbon chain (16-18 carbons)
40
saturated fatty acids
- have no double bonds - max number of hydrogen atoms - saturated fats are solid at room temp
41
unsaturated fatty acids
- 1 or more double bonds - mostly found in plants and fish - liquid at room temp
42
reduce LDL-bound "bad" cholesterol levels
unsaturated fats
43
increase LDL-bound "bad" cholesterol levels
saturated fats
44
major function of fats
energy storage
45
have 1 or 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group instead of a 3rd fatty acid
phospholipids
46
2 types of phospholipids
- phosphoglycerides - phosphosphingolipids
47
phosphoglycerides
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + organic molecule
48
phosphosphingolipids
sphingosine + 1 fatty acid + phosphate + organic molecule
49
function of phospholipids
important component of biological membranes
50
common membrane phospholipids
- phosphatidyl-choline - phosphatidyl-ethanolamine - phosphatidyl-serine - phosphatidyl-inositol - sphingomyelin
51
amphipathic molecules
consist of a hydrophilic "head" and a hydrophobic "tail"
52
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings
53
a steroid found in animal cell membranes
cholesterol
54
examples of steroid hormones
androgens and estrogens
55
function of cholesterol
circulates in blood bound to lipoproteins (LDL - low density lipoproteins) (HDL - high density lipoproteins)
56
HDL-bound cholesterol (good cholesterol)
protein > cholesterol travels fast into bloodstream and targeted-deposited directly into the liver
57
LDL-bound cholesterol (bad cholesterol)
cholesterol > protein travels slows into blood stream and leaves bits and pieces around (plaque)
58
protein functions
- structural support - storage - transport - cellular communication - movement
59
types of proteins
- enzymatic proteins - storage proteins - structural proteins - transport proteins - hormonal proteins - receptor proteins - contractile/motor proteins - defensive proteins
60
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids
61
3 types of amino acids
polar, nonpolar, electrically charged
62
nonpolar proteins
1. glycine (gly) 2. alanine (ala) 3. valine (val) 4. leucine (leu) 5. isoleucine (ile) 6. methionine (met) 7. phenylalanine (phe) 8. tryptophan (trp) 9. proline (pro)
63
polar proteins
1. serine (ser) 2. threonine (thr) 3. cysteine (cys) 4. tryosine (tyr) 5. asparagine (asn) 6. glutamin (gln)
64
electrically charged proteins
acidic: 1. aspartic acid (asp) 2. glutamic acid (glu) basic: 1. lysine (lys) 2. arginine (arg) 3. histidine (his)
65
amino acids are linked by covalent bonds known as
peptide bonds
66
a protein's _____ determines its function
structure
67
primary structure of proteins
the unique sequence of amino acids of a protein
68
secondary structure of a protein
coils and folds in the polypeptide chain (α-helices and β-pleated sheets)
69
tertiary structure of a protein
the 3d structure (shape) of a protein determined by its R group interactions
70
quaternary structure of a protein
results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
71
types of R-group interactions in a tertiary structure
- disulphide bonds - hydrogen bonds - van der waals interactions - electrostatic interactions (ionic) - hydrophobic interactions
72
chaperones
proteins that assist and maintain the proper folding of other proteins located in the cytosol, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER
73
example of a disease caused by a simple change in primary structure of a protein
sickle-cell disease
74
amino acid substitution that causes sickle-cell disease
glu --> val mutation (glutamic acid --> valine)
75
hemoglobin
a globular protein consisting of 4 polypeptides (2 alpha and 2 beta chains)
76
denaturation
the loss of a protein's native conformation due to unravelling --> loss of function
77
protein denaturation factors
- pH changes - temperature changes - salt concentration changes - environmental factors
78
nucleic acids
store and transmit hereditary information
79
2 types of nucleic acids
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ribonucleic acid (RNA)
80
protein synthesis site
ribosomes
81
polymers of nucleic acids
polynucleotides
82
nucleotide composition
nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate group
83
covalent bond that connects nucleotides
phosphodiester bond
84
phosphodiester bond
the --OH group on the 3' carbon of one nucleotide is linked to the phosphate on the 5' carbon on the next nucleotide
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