Fringing reef
fringing reef is a reef that is close to the coast.
barrier reef
A barrier reef is a reef that is separated from the coast by a lagoon
patch reef
A patch reef is a small isolated reef that grows in the lagoon
Explain how the red mangrove tree (Rhizophora mangle) have adapted to living withing coastal and estuarine habitats. Give at least 8 adaptation
-Salt-tolerant: roots are nearly impermeable to salt (efficient filtration method)
-Prop roots: stabilizes the tree’s structure
-Lenticles: allows for gas exchange above the water
-Viviparous reproduction: germinating while still attached to the parent plant
-Obligate dispersal: increase the potential dispersal of propagules by postponing establishment
-Salt leaf sacrifice: kills the leaf instead of the tree
-Underground roots: collect oxygen
-Green roots: more chlorophyll= more energy
Explain why artificial reefs are beneficial to shorelines
- restore and create new habitats for marine species to thrive
- Prevents wave action
- Reduces erosion
- Protects coastal development
Explain the Darwin-Dana-Daly theory of atoll formations.
F-B-A
Understand how to use the Lincoln Index when calculating populations in an environment. Give an example
Mark capture release.
N1= first marked & released.
N2= animals captured in 2nd sample.
M2= number of marked animals in 2nd sample.
Identify and be able to label the different zones of the open ocean.
- Epipelagic
- Mesopelagic
- Bathypelagic
- Abyssopelagic
- Hadal zone
Identify abiotic and biotic facts for each zone that organisms must adapt to in order to live in those zones.
- Pressure
- Temp
- Predators
- producers
Adaptations fish have in the abyss
-soft bones
-bioluminescence
-large eyes
-large stomachs
-highly reflective
describe the relationship between coral and zooxanthellae.
mutualistic:
Coral receives food/glucose and O2
Zooxanthellae receive a home and CO2
Describe characteristics of Cnidarians
- Radial symmetry
-Medusa (free-swimming) and Polyp (attatched) form
-Two Tissue Layers
Describe the conditions required for a coral reef formation.
- shallow water
- warm water
- clear water
- hard, rocky substrate
- saline water
importance of coral reefs
- coastal protection
- food
- medicine
- tourism
- maintaining biodiversity
without coral reefs
- loss of coastal protection
- loss of habitat
- loss of food sources
- loss of biodiversity
- loss of medicinal resources
- reduced tourism
what are the zones of the sandy shore
-splash
- high-tide
- mid-tide
- low-tide
describe the splash zone
- exposed to air
- water only splashes on them
- adapted to prevent dessication
- shelled organism
describe the upper shore
- mostly exposed to air
- submerged during high tide
- adapted to prevent dessication
- temp increases during low & mid tide
- terrestrial predators
describe the middle shore
- best adapted to constant change
- 50/50 air and water
- lots of wave action
describe the lower shore
- only exposed to air during low ride
- soft-bodied
why are sandy shores unstable
- shifting substrate
- does not hold onto water
- desiccation is a risk
How do animals prevent desiccation on the sandy shore
- they burrow into the sand
Ecological importance of mangrove forests
- holds sediment in place
- absorbs wave energy
- habitat/ nursery ground
- food for herbivores
- “cleans” water
- shade keeps water cool
- stores carbon
Economic importance of mangroves
- place to harvest fish
- gather timber
- natural protection for coastlines
- sponge for floodwaters
- purification system for water
- ecotourism
