Topic 6 - Test #3

Question 1

level one and level two defences are ________ immunity

Answer 1

innate (born with)

Question 2

level 3 defences are ______ immunity

Answer 2

acquired

Question 3

how the pathogen attacks your body…

Must come in at the right _______ and the correct ____ must be present

Answer 3

• portal of entry

- dose

Question 4

what is the pathogens physical weapon

Answer 4

adhesion

Question 5

types of adhesion pathogens use

Answer 5

• ligands/adhesins - binding molecule on the surface of some bacteria (capsomeres & peplomers)
• fimbrae
• capsules

Question 6

capsules allow for

Answer 6

• adhesion
• neutralize drugs
• avoid phagocytosis
• block complement activation
• dealt immune response to pathoen

Question 7

chemical weapons pathogens use

Answer 7

enzymes or toxins

Question 8

enzymes of pathogens alter what in the hosts tissue

Answer 8

substrate

Question 9

invasions

Answer 9

make pores in cell surface allow for movement of location

ex, borrelia (syhpilis) in lime disease

Question 10

spirochaete

• function & infection type

Answer 10

axial filament flagella in combo w. invasion enzymes allow bacteria to push through cells of blood vessel wall
- penetration into bloodstream (septicemia) and tissue (focal)

Question 11

coagulase

• function, type of infection

Answer 11

forms clot (solid barrier)

• no wbc’s can enter
• localizing enzyme - localized infection

Question 12

kinase

• function & infection type

Answer 12

dissolves blood clots

- septicemia

Question 13

hyaluronidase

Answer 13

dissolves cell cement (hydraluronic acid) between cells

- “spread factor”

Question 14

collagenase

• function & infection type

Answer 14

breaks down collagen under cell layer

- sysetmic - spread through tissue

Question 15

collagenase works with

Answer 15

hyaluronidase

Question 16

leucocidin

Answer 16

kills WBC’s contributes to pus formation

Question 17

M-protein

Answer 17

allows attachment and prevents (repels) phagocytosis by WBC’s

Question 18

hemolysins

Answer 18

rupture red blood cells

benefits

1. reduce 02 & increase CO2 for microarophiles
2. releases protein, iron from nutrients

Question 19

toxins of pathogens affect _______ of host cells or tissues

Answer 19

functionality

Question 20

what are the two main types of toxins

Answer 20

endotoxins & exotocins

Question 21

exotoxins

molecules type: 
secreted from: 
gram reaction: 
effect felt: 
specific \_\_\_\_\_ produces by immune system in response to toxins

Answer 21

molecules type: proteins 
secreted from: live cells 
gram reaction: gr- or gr + 
effect felt: specific cells/tissue 
specific _ antitoxins\_\_ produces by immune system in response to toxins

Question 22

toxoid

Answer 22

production possible by denaturation to make vaccines (safe version of the toxins)

Question 23

exotoxin types:

Answer 23

• cytotxins
• enterotoxins
• neurotoxins

Question 24

cytotoxins

function, ex, shows up as

Answer 24

directly kill cells - explodes host cell by overfilling it w/ water by changing the permeability
ex, anthrax
- lesions

Question 25

enterotoxins function, ex, effect, symptoms/results

Answer 25

F: affect digestive tract (usually intestines) ex, staph aureus, E. coli 0157:H7, salmonella, cholera effect: fluid loss from cells and/or increased peristalsis symptoms/results: diarrhea, cramping, nausea

Question 26

neurotoxins

Answer 26

affect nervous systems 1. botulism 2. tetanus

Question 27

botulism is ____ paralysis

Answer 27

flaccid

Question 28

tetanus is _____ paralysis

Answer 28

rigid

Question 29

botulism toxins toxin binds to: prevents: no muscle ______ occurs _____ paralysis

Answer 29

toxin binds to: nerve ending prevents: release of neurotransmitter (ach) no muscle _contraction__ occurs ___flaccid__ paralysis

Question 30

tetanus toxin - tetanospasmin toxin binds to: prevents: no muscle ______ occurs _____ paralysis

Answer 30

toxin binds to: nerve endings prevents: inhibitory neurotransmitter release no muscle __relaxation____ occurs __rigid___ paralysis

Question 31

endotoxins (lipid A) ``` molecule type: found in cell within: gram reaction: released by cell: effect: does not: Not usable for: ```

Answer 31

molecule type: lipids found in cell within: LPS layer of cell wall (lipid A) gram reaction: gr - only released by cell: when cell dies effect: systemic (fever, inflammation, BP drop, shock, blood coagulation, etc) does not: trigger antitoxin release, no toxoid possible Not usable for: vaccines

Question 32

viral cytopathic effects (CPE) | viral-infected cell abnormalities often ______

Answer 32

diagnostic

Question 33

CPE - syncytium formation

Answer 33

adjacent cells merge into a continuous mass (forms one great big cell) ex, RSV, measles, mumps

Question 34

CPE - multi-nucleated cells

Answer 34

cells contain more than one nucleus | ex. herpes viruses

Question 35

CPE - inclusion bodies

Answer 35

clumps of host cell organelles or viral produces seen inside cells - dark spots scattered around in cell cytoplasm ex. cytomegalovirus

Question 36

CPE - nucleomegaly

Answer 36

bigger nuclei inside cells ex. cytomegalovirus

Question 37

CPE - enlargement

Answer 37

cells distinctly larger ex. retrovirus

Question 38

CPE - rounding

Answer 38

cells go from flat to spherical ex. influenza

Question 39

quorum sensing

Answer 39

bacteria "know" when each virulence factor should be released