What is a superpower
A nation with the ability to projects its influence anywhere in the world and be a dominant global force. It dates from the 1940s when it was used to describe the three dominant world powers- USA, USSR, British Empire
What are the 7 factors for the superpower criteria
Physical size
Demographic
Resources
Political
Economic strengths
Military strength
Cultural
What are considered the superpowers of the world
Russia
India
China
USA
UK
Brazil
EU
Japan
South Africa
What is Hard Power
Military action of a country or the threat of it.
- Creation of allies, both economically and militarily, to marginalize some nations
What is soft power
The values and ideology of some nations are being seen as appealing
The moral authority of a nations foreign policy
Development aid given from one country to another
Economic Power
Use of economic power to damage another countrys economy
- Siging favorable agreements to increase economic ties
Examples of Hard power
- Military action
- Threat of trade restrictions
- Use of economic sanctions to damage a nations economy
- Owing the debt of other countries
Examples of Soft power
- Attractive culture and lifestyle
- Sought after political advice
- Foreign policies that encourage migration
- Trade alliances
What is the Hartland
- Protected from invasion by sea
- Stretched from Russia to China and the Himalayas to the Arctic
- It contained a huge portion of the worlds physical and Human Resources
Why was the Hartland so important
- The theory was based on the key promise that control over land equates to political power and so is essentially geographically in its outlook
- Mackinder’s theory has received much criticisms since its publication and some would argue that its applicability
- Whoever ruled the Hartland was considered to rule the world
What is political power
The ability to influence others through diplomacy and is exercised through international organizations such as the UN and the WTO
Largest power in 1800- 1918
British empire - UK
Dominant Global power controlling 25% of land area
Power in 1918 - 1945
Transition period - Increasing patter in the USA and Russia + the rise of Nazi Germany and multi power period
Power in 1945 - 1990
USA and USSR - Cold War
1990 - 2009
USA - Only true superpower following the collapse of the USSR and fall of Europe
2009 - Onwards
USA, EU and China - Many think our future could be Mullet powers with many superpowers including Russia and India
What led to the fall of the British empire - 6 Factors
Factor 1 - WW2 - Borrowing money from USA to cover the cost of damage from war
Factor 2 - New superpower - USA and USSR - British had to rely on USA to police the world
Factor 3 - Money - British couldn’t afford to hold territories
Factor 4 - Nationalism - People wanted british independence
Factor 5 - Indian independence
Factor 6 - Opinion at home - British people preferred funding into the UK
Which countries rise created the multi polar between 1919 - 1939
- Germany became more powerful during the 1930s as hitler rearned the country and prepared for war
- Imperial Japan began to ne an increasing power in Asia
- USA became economically and military stronger, challenging Britains traditional goal leadership
Capitalism objectives
- Free market
- Workers are employed by profit making individuals
- Workers are employed by the state
- USA
- Democracy with elected leaders
- Social objective is freedom
Communism objective
- Dictatorship, no free election
- Workers are employed by the state
- the union is socviet socialist republics
- Government planned economy
- Social objective is equality
Warm moments during the Cold War
- 1950 - 53 - led to a division of North and South Korea
- 1962 Cuban Missile crisis
- 1960s - 70s USA beaten by communist forces
Why the society union lost the Cold War
- Size of the economy - USSRs economy was about half the size of the USA
- Cold War = Arms race
- Cold War = Proxy Wars and supporting your allies
Neo colonialism
- Coined to refer to an indircet form of control that meant newly independent countries were not actually masters of their own destiny
- Seen as the worst form of imperialism and those practiced it means power with no responsibility
- During the Cold War, Neo colonialism relationships provided both the USA and USSR with numerous allies throughout the developing world
What are multi power systems
When there are numerous relationships between more or less equally powerful states, the opportunities to misguide the intentions of others , or fears over alliance creating more powerful blocs are high and may increase the risk of conflict
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