1
Q
Words to include
A
- Autacoids
- Eicosanoids
- Peptides
- Inflammation
- Reproduction
- Eicosanoid synthesis
- 20-carbon fatty acid
- Phospolipids
- G protein
- PLA2 enzyme
- PLA2 substrate
- MPL (Membrane Phospholipids)
- HPETE
- Lipoxins
- HETE
- Leuckotriens
- Phospholipase A2
- Arachidionic acid
- Epoxigenase
- Cyclooxygenase
- PGG2
- Peroxidase
- PGH2
- Thromboxane
- TXA2
- TXB2
- Endoperoxidase isomerase
- PGD2
- PGF2alpha
- PGE2
- Prostacyclin synthease
- Prostzcyclins PGI
- Lipoxygenase
- HPETE
- LX
- Peroxidase
- HETE
- LT
- Act locally
- Paracrine way
- Lipid soluble
- Surface membrane receptors
- G protein dependent transduction
- Increasing inflammation
- Arachidionic acid
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Vasodilation
- Chromotaxis
- Neutrophilic enzyme activation
- Ca-permability ↑
- Bronchial contraction
- Interleukin-1 (fever)
- Insulin release
- Islet cells
- Paracrine autocrine effects
- Arachidionic acid
- Cyclooxygenase
- PGE2
- Lipoxygenase
- HPETE
- Insulin
- Bone resorption
- PGE2
- Osteoblast
- Parathyroid hormone-like effect
- Calcium mobilization
- Calcium permability ↑
- Osseous interstitial side
- Plasma
- Arachidionic acid
- Reproduction
- Luteolysis
- PGF2α
- Uteurs
- A. ovarica
- V. uterina
- Ovary
- Thrombocyte aggregation
- Endothelial cells
- Prostacyclins (PGI) nitrogen monoxide
- G protein
- cAMP
- Phospholipase A2
- Thromboxane synthesis (ø)
- Platelet aggregation (ø)
- TXA2
- Aggregation ↑
- Arachidionic acid
- Autocrine potentiation
- Kidney
- Arachidionic acid
- PGE2
- PGI2
- Tubule cell
- Renin secretion ↑
- RPF ↑
- Effectiveness of ADH ↓
- Arachidionic acid
- Regulation
- Phospholipase A2
- Corticoids
- Cyclooxygenase
- Salicylic acid
- Indomethacin
- Ibuprofen
- Peroxidase
- Thromboxane synthease
- Benzidamine
- Imidazol
- Endoperoxidase
- Prostacyclin synthease
- MPL
- Arachidionic acid
- PGG2
- PGH2
- TXB2
- TXA2
- PGD2
- PGF2α
- PGE2
- Prostacyclins PGI
- Phospholipase A2
2
Q
Topics to include in the essay
A
- Autacoids
- Eicosanoids
- Peptides
- Eicosanoid synthesis
- Effects of eicosanoids
- Increasing inflammation
- Insulin release
- Bone resorption
- Reproduction
- Thrombocytte aggregation
- Kidney
- Regulation
3
Q
General characteristics of eicosanoids
A
- Eicosaoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20-carbon length
- They act locally or through a paracrine way
- Lipid soluble
- But they bind to surface membrane receptors and elicit G protein dependent transduction
4
Q
Which group does eicosanoids belong to?
A
- Autacoids can be divided into:
- Eicosanoid
- Produced everywhere in the body, by all cells
- Peptides
- Eicosanoid
5
Q
Eicosanoid synthesis
A
- Eicosanoids are 20-carbon fatty acids
- Synthesized as final products of controlled, enzymatic steps initiated from phospholipid
- Mediated by G protein → activates PLA2 enzyme
- MPL (Membrane Phospholipoids) = PLA2 substrates
- HPETE: Hydroxy-peroxy-eicosa-tetraenoic-acid
- Lipoxins: 3 OH group, 4 double bonds
- HETE: Hydroxy-eicosa-tertaenoic-acid
- Leuckotriens: effective when bound to proteins in peptide-LT form
6
Q
Effects of eicosanoids
A
- Inflammation increasing effect
- Insulin release from islet cells
- Bone resorption: equlpotent with PTH
- Stimulation of luteolysis (reproduction)
- Thrombocyte aggregation
- Kidney
7
Q
Effects of eicosanoids
Inflammation increasing effect
A
- Prostaglandins and leukotrienes initiate inflammation
- Result:
- Vasodilation
- Chemotaxis
- Neutrophilic enzyme activation
- Ca-permabillity ↑
- Bronchial contraction
- Interleukin-1 - fever
8
Q
Effects of eicosanoids
Insulin release
A
- Insulin release from islet cells
- HPETE stimulates PGE2 inhibits insulin release by B cells
9
Q
Effects of eicosanoids
Bone resorption
A
- Bone resorption: equipotent with PTH
- PGE2 (from the osteoblast) has a parathyroid hormone-like effect on calcium mobilization from the bone:
- Increases calcium permeability in the osseous interstitial side, making possible the entry of calcium into the plasma
10
Q
Effects of eicosanoids
Reproduction
A
- Stimulation of luteolysis
- Precondition of luteolysis during cycle is the PGF2α production of the uterus
- Twisted a. ovarica and v. uterina makes possible for the diffusion of PGF2α into the ovary before it could be degraded in the circulation because of staying there too long
11
Q
Effects of eicosanoids
Thrombocyte aggregation
A
- Endothelial cells (in mouse) release prostacyclins (PGI) nitrogen monoxide, and induce G protein mediated increase of cAMP
- IC cAMP inhibits the enzyme phospholipase A2
- Ø thromboxane synthesis → Ø platelet aggregation
- TXA2 synthesis in platelets increases aggregation
12
Q
Effects of eicosanoids
Kidney
A
- Prostacyclin synthesis in renal tubule cells enhances renin secretion
- Increases RPF
- Antagonizes the effect of ADH
- Result:
- Renin secretion ↑
- PRF ↑
- Effectiveness of ADH ↑
13
Q
Regulation of eicosanoids
A
- Corticosteroids, meepacrine inhibit the entire eicosanoid synthesis
- Due to anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids
- Inhibits cyclooxygenase:
- Salicyclic acid
- Indomethacin
- Ibuprofen
- Inhibits thromboxane synthease:
- Benzidamine
- Imidazol
Physiology final exam
flashcards
Decks in class (111)
# Cards
-
Topic 1 - Milleau Interieur, compartments, changes of water compartments13
-
Topic 2 - Volume quantification of fluid compartments17
-
Topic 3 - Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments; anelectrolite and electrolite components of the blood plasma16
-
Topic 4 - Functions, fractination and changes of plasma proteins27
-
Topic 5 - Interstitia fluid (ISF): transport through the capillary wall; measurement and composition of ISF12
-
Topic 6 - Physiological role of the blood, definitions and changes in blood volumes10
-
Topic 7 - Red blood cells and the hemoglobin18
-
Topic 8 - Human and animal blood groups17
-
Topic 9 - Neutrophil and basophil granulocytes21
-
Topic 10 - Eosinophil granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, thrombocytes17
-
Topic 11 - Haemostasis (except coagulation cascade mechanism) and stopping blood coagulation8
-
Topic 12 - Haemostasis: coagulation cascade mechanism8
-
Topic 13 - Organs of the immune system; natural immunity and the complement system22
-
Topic 14 - Adaptive (acquired) immune response; structure of the antigens and immunoglobulins15
-
Topic 15 - Humoral immunity, B lymphocytes and self restriction8
-
Topic 16 - Cellular immunity, T lymphocytes and the MHC structures of the cells12
-
Topic 17 - The regulation of muscle work and muscle-nerve connection: the motor unit11
-
Topic 18 - Molecular aspects of muscle contraction and electromechanical coupling18
-
Topic 19 - Types of striated muscles, energy sources of muscle functioning, oxygen debt11
-
Topic 20 - Macroscopic events of muscle contraction19
-
Topic 21 - Length - tension diagram: working range and power of the muscle; heat production and muscle fatigue13
-
Topic 22 - Characteristics of smooth muscle17
-
Topic 23 - Electrical activity of the heart, electromechanical coupling16
-
Topic 24 - Electrocardiogram; analysis of ECG8
-
Topic 25 - Mechanical properties of the heart; Starling's law11
-
Topic 26 - Parameters of the cardiac cycle; volume fractions; factors influencing cardiac output13
-
Topic 27 - The cardiac cycle10
-
Topic 28 - Factors determining the blood pressure; pressures on different parts on the circulatory bed, measuring the blood pressure17
-
Topic 29 - Microcirculation, exchange of substances, venous circulation12
-
Topic 30 - Local factors of cardiovascular regulation9
-
Topic 31 - Central factors of cardiovascular regulation13
-
Topic 32 - Properties of circulation in the coronaries, the skin, the brain, splanchnic circulation, and the fetal circulation10
-
Topic 33 - The characteristics of the lung circulation, the perfusion of the lungs, gas diffusion in the lungs8
-
Topic 34 - Respiratory tracts, respiratory movements, panting7
-
Topic 35 - Respiratory air fractions, and ventilation coefficient9
-
Topic 36 - Pressure changes during respiration, the respiratory work, compliance10
-
Topic 37 - The transport of oxygen, and carbon dioxide9
-
Topic 38 - The regulation of respiration11
-
Topic 39 - The respiration of birds5
-
Topic 40 - Basic physiological functions of the kidney: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion10
-
Topic 41 - Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), extraction, clearance10
-
Topic 42 - Renal plasma flow (RPF), filtration fraction4
-
Topic 43 - Transport processes in the proximal tubule12
-
Topic 44 - Transport in the Henle-loop and the distal tubule6
-
Topic 45 - Transport at the distal connective tubule and at the collecting tubule8
-
Topic 46 - Osmoregulation in the kidney, the countercurrent system18
-
Topic 47 - The maintenance of Isosmosis; ADH- mechanism8
-
Topic 48 - The maintenance of isovolemia; the renin angiotensin system (RAS), ANP and aldosterone9
-
Topic 49 - The urinary tract and the process of urination10
-
Topic 50 - Neurohormonal regulation of food intake and gastrintestinal tract16
-
Topic 51 - Food intake, salivary secretion, process of swallowing16
-
Topic 52 - Motoric activity and electrophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract13
-
Topic 53 - Secretion and regulation of gastric juice14
-
Topic 54 - The exocrine function of the pancreas, pancreas enzymes, regulation of pancreatic juice secretion12
-
Topic 55 - Production, functions and regulation of the bile13
-
Topic 56 - Catabolism and absorption of carbohydrates11
-
Topic 57 - Catabolism and absorption of lipids21
-
Topic 58 - Catabolism and absorption of the proteins9
-
Topic 59 - Electrolyte cycle of intestinal canal, water transport, iron absorption15
-
Topic 60 - Digestion in the colon, feces formation, defaecatio15
-
Topic 61 - Motility of the forestomachs, eructation, rumination14
-
Topic 62 - Avian digestion19
-
Topic 63 - Combustion heat of nutrients, utilization of energy content of nutrients in the body6
-
Topic 64 - Basal- and resting energy metabolism, factors affecting metabolic rate5
-
Topic 65 - Calorimetryc methods, the definition and importance of the respiratory quotient7
-
Topic 66 - The heat balance, and the effect of the environmental temperature10
-
Topic 67 - Heat balance regulation9
-
Topic 68 - Thermogenesis at the cellular level6
-
Topic 69 - Role of calcium and phosphorus, absorption, distribution and excretion11
-
Topic 70 - The role of the osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte7
-
Topic 71 - The role of the PTH, calcitonin, and the D-hormone in the Ca balance9
-
Topic 72 - Classification of hormones, dynamics of the ligand - receptor interaction, the feed-back mechanism7
-
Topic 73 - Communication among cells, Intracellular receptor signaling12
-
Topic 74 - Membrane receptor signaling6
-
Topic 75 - Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors9
-
Topic 76 - Adenohypophysis, the synthesis and release of the ACTH8
-
Topic 77 - Growth hormone12
-
Topic 78 - Hormones from the neurohypophysis6
-
Topic 79 - MSH and the pineal gland13
-
Topic 80 - The thyroid hormones7
-
Topic 81 - Synthesis, regulation and physiological effects of glucocorticoids14
-
Topic 82 - Pharmacological effect of glucocorticoids, and the physiology of the stress10
-
Topic 83 - Mineralocorticoids7
-
Topic 84 - Catecholamines21
-
Topic 85 - Insulin and glucagon22
-
Topic 86 - Eicosanoids13
-
Topic 87 - Male genitals, hormone regulation in the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis16
-
Topic 88 - The role of accessory sexual glands in males, male sexual reflexes14
-
Topic 89 - Phases of the estrus cycle, species specificities in the sexual cycle15
-
Topic 90 - Cyclic function of female reproductive organs8
-
Topic 91 - Hormonal changes during the estrus cycle9
-
Topic 92 - Hormonal effects in the ovary; hormones of the ovary12
-
Topic 93- Fertilization, embryogenesis; maternal recognition of pregnancy22
-
Topic 94 - Endocrinology of pregnancy; fetoplacental endocrine unit11
-
Topic 95 - The endocrinology of parturition; birth8
-
Topic 96 - Mammary gland development, lactogenesis11
-
Topic 97 - Reproduction of birds9
-
Topic 98- Membrane potential, local response and action potential, propagation of the action potential9
-
Topic 99 - Axonal transport and synaptic transmission, sensors, types of ion channels23
-
Topic 100: General characteristic of the spinal cord, neural networks, Rexed zones, Dermatomes22
-
Topic 101 - The reflexes and movement patterns17
-
Topic 102 - Autonomic Nervous System14
-
Topic 103 - Sensory mechanisms in the central nervous system; physiology of pain11
-
Topic 104 - Posture control in the central nervous system10
-
Topic 105 - Intentional movements and the cerebellum24
-
Topic 106 - The physiology of sleeping; the reticular formation; the limbic system, behavior30
-
Topic 107 - Memory and learning, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes13
-
Topic 108 - Receptors, taste, olfaction17
-
Topic 109 - Vision, Cellular mechanism of light perception, color vision14
-
Topic 110 - Object viewing, visual acuity, visual field, visual pathway13
-
Topic 111 - Inner ear; vestibular appartus and hearing14
