Topic 8b: Neural Crest Cell Flashcards by Miyaki Jan Lim

Q

are one of the primary derivatives of the ectodermal layer

are derived from the brim of the neuroectoderm during neurulation

A

Neural crest cells

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Q

Neural crest cells are moving away from the brim of the forming

A

neural tube

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Q

Pluripotent cells
Migratory cells from neuroectoderm; has mesenchymal characteristics (loosely arranged)

A

Neural crest cells

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Q

Neural crest cells Undergo what transition

A

epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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Q

Neural crest cells migrate and form 4 main structures

A

Facial bones; face and neck, cartilages, connective tissues
Pigment cells; melanocytes
Adrenal medulla
Sensory ganglia; sympathetic and parasympathetic

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Q

Differentiation of neural crest cells depend on two factors:

A

The route they follow / migratory pathway

Microenvironment of their final destination

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Q

2 routes neural crest cells follow / migratory pathway

A

Lateral migration
Medial migration

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Q

Neural crest Migration Pathways

for Melanocytes

A

Lateral migration pathway

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Q

Neural crest Migration Pathways

for Dorsal root ganglia
Sympathetic root ganglia

A

Medial migration pathway

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Q

Neural crest cells undergo final differentiation via ___________ once they reach their target organs

A

cell-cell signaling

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Q

NCC Path 1 (Ventral route) location and future

A

NCCs that get lodged in the anterior sclerotome of the somite will participate in the formation of the cartilages and bones of the vertebral column

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Q

NCC Path 2 (Dorsolateral route) location and future

A

NCCs that get lodged between the epidermis and dermamyotome will form the pigment cells of the body

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Q

Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

A

Cranial

Vagal

Trunk

Lumbosacral

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Q

region between the cranial and vagal overlapping Domains of the NCC

A

Cardiac

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Pigment cells
Sensory ganglia
Parasympathetic ganglia
Hormone-producing cells
Glia cells

A

Cranial

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Forebrain & Midbrain

A

Cranial

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Frontonasal process
Palate
Incus
Malleus
Jawbones

A

Cranial

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Bones & CT of the head
Certain structures within the eyes, ears, and teeth

A

Cranial

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Dorsolateral pathway

A

Trunk

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Septum between Pulmonary and Aortic arch
Endothelium of aortic arch arteries

A

Cardiac

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Schwann cells
Adrenal medulla

A

Trunk

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Melanocytes
Neurons
Cartilages
CTs

A

Vagal

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Ventral pathway

A

Trunk

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Q

Which of the Four overlapping Domains of the NCC

Dorsal root ganglia
Sympathetic ganglia
Parasympathetic ganglia

A

Trunk

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Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Pharyngeal arches Face & neck

Cranial NCC

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Septum between PA & Aorta

Cardiac NCC

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Cardiac NCC somites

(S1-3)

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Sympathetic neurons

Trunk NCC

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Parasympathetic nerves of gut

Vagal NCC Sacral NCC

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Sacral NCC somites

(posterior to S28)

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Trunk NCC somites

(6 to tail)

Migration of the Cardiac NCC from the neural tube area down to the embryonic heart to form the __________

septum

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Vagal NCC somites

(S1-7)

Summary of Overlapping Domains of NCCs Sacral NCC somites somites

S18-24

___________ arteries are lined with the cardiac NCC

Aortic arteries

NCC leaves the crests area of the neural folds prior to neural tube closure to form structures in the

Neck and face Pharyngeal arches (1-6) Epibranchial placodes (V, VII, IX, and X)

Derivatives of Cranial NCC depend on the level of __________ region they originate from

rhombomere

Level of rhombomere Pharyngeal arch 1st

R 1&2

Fate of Pharyngeal pouch Pharyngeal arch 1st

Jawbones Ear bones Frontonasal process

Fate of Pharyngeal pouch Pharyngeal arch 2nd

Hyoid cartilage

Level of rhombomere Pharyngeal arch 3rd & 4th

R6

Level of rhombomere Pharyngeal arch 2nd

R4

Fate of Pharyngeal pouch Pharyngeal arch 3rd & 4th

Thymus Parathyroid thyroid

Level of rhombomere Do not migrate thru the surrounding mesoderm

R 3&5

Fate of rhombomere 3&5

Stays on either side of the rhombomere mesoderm

BMPs levels and their fate High level

Induces epidermis formation

During neural plate formation, there is concentration of BMPs in the junctional border of surface ectoderm ________

neural plate

The different concentration levels of ________ influence the fate of the embryonic ectoderm

BMPs

BMPs levels and their fate Intermediate level

Induces neural crest cells formation

BMPs levels and their fate Low level

Induces neural ectoderm formation

How is migration initiated?

BMP 4 and 7 Loss of N-cadherin that links neural crest cells

Regulation of NCC Induction

Intermediate concentration of BMPs (together with FGF and WNT proteins) ↓ PAX3 & other transcription factors that specify the neural plate border are induced ↓ 2nd wave of transcription factors is induced: ↓ SNAIL and FOXD3 which specify cells as neural crest SLUG which promotes NCC migration from ectoderm

How do migratory agents know the route on which to travel?

Path of NCC is controlled by extracellular matrix Chemotactic and maintenance factors

BMP 4&7 induces _____________ genes (protein products) which results to: Establishment of cytoskeletal conditions that promote migration Activation of factors that dissociate the tight junction in between the cells

RhoB and Slug

Path of NCC is controlled by extracellular matrix Promote migrations

(SAMs) Fibronectin Laminin Tenascin Collagen molecules proteoglycans

Path of NCC is controlled by extracellular matrix Restrict migrations

Cams Ephrin proteins (expressed in the posterior portion of sclerotome)

Soluble factors secreted by potential destinations

Chemotactic and maintenance factors

Final differentiation of Trunk NCC Determined by the ___________ into which they migrate and settle

environment

Chemotactic and maintenance factors example

ex.) stem cell factors (allow continuous proliferation of NCC)

Cell signaling factors involved in Final differentiation of Trunk NCC

TGF-β superfamily (ex: BMP) Growth factors (ex: FGF)

Examples of the influence of cell signaling factors: Cell signaling factor that turns Cholinergic neurons → sympathetic ganglia in the regions

BMP2

Examples of the influence of cell signaling factors: Cell signaling factor that create nccs into Melanocytes and Adrenergic neurons in the gut

Endothelin-3

3 Features of Hox genes

They contain a sub-class of highly conserved homeobox sequences, so they encode transcription factors They are involved in organizing the body plan of an animal They exist in clusters of similar genes in the genome

Examples of the influence of cell signaling factors: Cell signaling factor that creates the Adrenomedullary cells

Glucocorticoids

Examples of the influence of cell signaling factors: Cell signaling factor that creates the Sympathetic neurons

FGF

What specify the fates of NCC?

Combination of Hox genes (genes that specify A-P axis)

genes that have the task of organizing the body plan of an animal

Hox genes

genes that are utilized to convey positional information and organize the body plan

Hox genes

genes that are a particular subfamily of homeobox containing genes that evolved together with a complex multicellular body plan

Hox genes

genes that are evolutionarily conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates

Hox genes

Similar genes located on different chromosomes are called (ex: A1, B1, D1)

paralogous chromosomes

direction of Hox genes expression is from

cephalic to caudal