Topic 9 part 1

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Factors that direct and energize the behaviour of humans and other organisms

Question 2

Major approaches to motivation

Answer 2

• Instinct
• Arousal
• Cognitive
• Drive reduction
• Incentive
• Hierarchy of needs

Question 3

Instinct

Answer 3

unlearned patterns of behavior

Biologically determined

Question 4

Issues with instinct approaches

Answer 4

Does not agree on how many primary instincts exist

Not explained why one specific pattern of behaviour, has appeared and not other

Due to the variety and complexity of human behavior – behavior can not be seen as instinctual

Question 5

Drive reduction approach

Answer 5

behaviour motivated by the need to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Question 6

Drive

Answer 6

Motivational tension is arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need

Question 7

Negative Feedback

Answer 7

Unpleasant feeling until the need is met

Question 8

Goal

Answer 8

Is to achieve homeostasis

Question 9

Primary drive

Answer 9

Related to biological needs

• Hunger
• Thirst
• Sleep

Question 10

Secondary drives

Answer 10

Those that prior experiences and learning bring about needs

• Knowledge
• Financial well being
• Personal achievement

Question 11

Challenges with drive reduction

Answer 11

overemphasizes biological needs (primary drives)

it does account for non-homestatic behaviours

• Curiosity or thrill-seeking behavior that increases tension/arousal

Question 12

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 12

Primary needs to be satisfied before higher order needs

The base has the basic needs

sequential progression

Intuitive but difficult to falsify

Question 13

Arousal approaches

Answer 13

we strive to maintain certain levels of stimulation & activity, increasing or reducing as nevecerssy

People vary in optimal levels of arousal

Question 14

Incentive approach

Answer 14

Motivation stems from a desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives

Desirable properties of external stimuli count for individuals’ motivations

• Grades, money, affection

Explains why we may succumb to incentives even though we lack internal use

Question 15

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 15

Motivation dirven by interal rewards for personal satisfaction

• Inherent joy
• Morally right
• To develop skill

Question 16

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 16

Motivation driven by external rewards or pressures

• For good grades
• For reward
• To please others

Question 17

Cognitive approaches

Answer 17

Motivation - peoples thoughts expectations & goals (their cognitions)

• the degree to which you are motivated to study for the test is based on your expectation of how well studying will pay off

Question 18

Overjustivation effect

Answer 18

Occurs when providing excessive external rewards for an activity that is already intricately motivational leads to a reduction in intrinsic motivation