topic two

Question 1

which of the domains included in the prokaryotes

Answer 1

archaea and bacteria

Question 2

which of the domains are included in Eurkaryotes

Answer 2

the Eukarya

Question 3

how do you identify the eukaryotes groups

Answer 3

• cells have a true nucleus
• has membrane bounded organelles
• can be multicellular or unicellular
• includes plant, anima, protist, and fungi group

Question 4

How do you identify the Prkaryotes

Answer 4

• lack a true nucleus
• lacks membrane bound organelles
• mostly single celled

Question 5

What are the common things between the two groups (prokaryotes and eurkaryotes)

Answer 5

both contain soem form of DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and ribsomes

Question 6

coccus (cocci)

Answer 6

cells that is circular shaped

Question 7

Bacillus (bacilli)

Answer 7

cells that are broad shaped

Question 8

spiral (spirals)

Answer 8

cells that are spiraled shaped

Question 9

strephto

Answer 9

a chain of the different shaped cells

Question 10

Tetrad

Answer 10

a clump of four cells

Question 11

Sarcinae

Answer 11

a clump of eight cells

Question 12

Staphylo

Answer 12

a cluster of the same shaped cell

Question 13

what is a capsule

Answer 13

is a polypeptide layer that covers a prokaryotes and sits on top of the cell wall. enhances the protection of the cell and helps avoid engulfment

Question 14

what are fimbriae

Answer 14

hair like strucutres that let the cell stick and attach to surfaces or other individuals or other colonies

Question 15

what are pili

Answer 15

A structure on the outside of the cell that allows the cell to glide and attach to the surfaces.

Question 16

What is a conjugation pili

Answer 16

a type of pili that attach different cell to each other that allows for DNA transfer to each other

Question 17

What is the prokaryotic cell wall structure

Answer 17

• are made of peptidoglycan
• forms a rigid structure
• helps maintain the cells structure
• prevents the cell to react to different tonicities of solutions
• allows use to determine if a cell if gram negative or gram positive

Question 18

What makes a bacteria cell to be gram postive

Answer 18

the presence of the peptidoglycan layer (a thick layer of the this feature) and lacks an outer membrane

Question 19

What makes a bacteria cell to be gram negative

Answer 19

when a cell contains a thinner layer of peptidoglycan that is covered by an outer membrane

Question 20

what is the cell wall Eukaryotes

Answer 20

is made of different compounds

Question 21

what is the internal organelles of a prokaryote

Answer 21

• they lack membrane bound organelles but have specialized membranes that preform specific functions

Question 22

What is the internal organelles like Eurkaryote

Answer 22

• they contain many membrane organelles that have specialized functions

Question 23

What is the size of a prokaryotic ribosomes

Answer 23

70S size (is smaller in size because the subunits of the ribosomes are all together smaller)

Question 24

What are the size of eurkaryotic ribosomes

Answer 24

They are 80s size

Question 25

what structures of the prokaryote helps it with mobility

Answer 25

- has a flagella that acts like a motor to move the cell (usually will contain multiple) - has a hallow structure and assembled in a spiral staircase - the flagella will rotate to form a run or tumble

Question 26

Taxis

Answer 26

the process of bacteria moving towards or away from a stimuli

Question 27

Magnetotaxis

Answer 27

when a cell is attracted or repuled by movements in its external environment

Question 28

Chemotaxis

Answer 28

when a cell is attracted or repulsed by a chemical in the evironment

Question 29

phototaxis

Answer 29

When a cell is attracted or repulsed by the presence of light

Question 30

What is the structure of Flagella in eukaryotes

Answer 30

- has a 9 + 2 structure (9 microtubles and 2 microtubles in the middle) - moves in a wave like motion - microtubles are wrapped in a plasma membrane

Question 31

what is the DNA structure in prokaryotes

Answer 31

- has a nucleoid region where all the genetic information in one spot - double stranded piece of DNA - has one circular supercoiled chromosomes - will sometimes have an extra chromosome - plasmids are found in addition to the DNA circle in the nucleoid region - DNA replicates independently

Question 32

What is the benifit of plasmids

Answer 32

they make DNA transfer easy between cells

Question 33

What is the DNA structure in eukaryotes

Answer 33

- has double stranded strands that are wineded up around histones - DNA is connected by base pairs with hydrogen bonds - chromosomes hold the genes - All the DNA information is contained within the nucleus - Additional DNA is found in the mitochondria and the chloroplasts

Question 34

How is eukaryotic DNA packaged

Answer 34

- starts as a double helix - that helix is then wrapped around histones - then those histones are wrapped up to form a thick fiber - these fibers are folded and wrapped to form a chromosomes

Question 35

What is the process of cell division in prokaryotes

Answer 35

binary fission: reproduces of another offspring cells generally identical - plasmids replicate independent of a chromosome - cells will double in size then divide - cell will not reproduce if the cell conditions are no good

Question 36

what is the process of cell in Eurkaryotes

Answer 36

mitosis

Question 37

How is genetic diversity in prokaryotes

Answer 37

- genetic diversity in prokaryotes is done through mutations and genetic recombination - genetic recombination is done through -transformation - transduction - conjugation

Question 38

conjugation

Answer 38

- a method a gene transfer where DNA is transferred from one cell to the next through a connect channel (requires close connect: plasmid are transfer) - a single complementary strand is transferred and copied to make a whole plasmid

Question 39

Transduction

Answer 39

- a form of gene transfer where phage attaches to the cell and injects its DNA into the host cell

Question 40

Transformation

Answer 40

when a cell leaves its DNA information in the environment and it is picked up by neighboring cells