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Trauma chapter Flashcards

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1
Q

How to treat metatarsal fractures

A
  • close reduce to correct sagittal and transverse displacement
  • if unable to reduce ORIF with pinning
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2
Q

Etiology of 5th met fractures

A
  • Large ground reactive with failure of stationary foot to evert
  • Torsion at the 5th met as a stabilizer to the foot
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3
Q

Why are 5th met fractures hard to heal

A
  • Watershed area of inraosseous blood supply to the metaphyseal region
  • Mechanical pull of PB
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4
Q

What are the arteries that provide intraosseous circulation (3)

A

1) periosteal plexus
2) nutrient artery
3) metaphyseal/epiphyseal arteries

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5
Q

Conservative treatment options for 5th met fracture

A

-6-8weeks NWB casting

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6
Q

Surgical treatment options for 5th met fracture

A

-IM screw 4.5 cancellous is narrowiest that should be selected

  • Ex-fix
  • Trephine arthrodesis with graft from calcaneus
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7
Q

What are the classification systems to describe 5th metatarsal fractures

A
  • Stewart classification
  • Torg classification
  • Lawrence and Bott classification
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8
Q

Describe the Stewart classification

A

1) Extra-articular Jones fracture
2) Intra-articular non comminuted fracture
3) Extra-articular avulsion fracture (PB)
4) Intra-articular comminuted fracture
5) Apophysis fracture

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9
Q

Describe Torg Classification

A

Type I: acute injury

Type 2: delayed union

Type 3: Nonunion

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10
Q

Describe Lawrence and Bott classification

A

1) Avulsion fracture due to lateral band of plantar fascia or PB contractures
2) Jones fracture due to ground reactive force with failure of the foot to evert
3) Diaphyseal fracture due to chronic stress, and repetitive distractive forces

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11
Q

Surgical treatment of 5th metatarsal fractures

A

-Tension band… Locking compression with distal ulnar hook plate

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12
Q

What is the etiology of Tailor’s bunion

A
  • structural

- biomechanical: varus 5th toe, flatfoot,

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13
Q

Classification system for Tailor’s bunion

A

Fallat classification

1) Enlarged 5th met head
2) Lateral bowing
3) Increased IM angle
4) Combination of all 3

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14
Q

Angles to consider with Tailor’s bunion

A
  • Lateral deviation angle: abnormal 8

- 5th MT IMA angle: 8 is abnormal

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15
Q

Surgical procedures used to correct Tailor’s bunions (11)

A
  • Exostectomy
  • Arthroplasty
  • Davis
  • Dickson and Dively
  • Devries
  • Amberry
  • McKeever
  • Reverse Hohmann
  • Long oblique distal osteotomy
  • Reverse wilson
  • Reverse Austin
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16
Q

Describe exostectomy

A

removal of lateral eminence

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17
Q

Describe arthoplasty

A

removal of part/whole 5th mt head

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18
Q

Describe Davis

A

reverse Silver

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19
Q

Describe Dickson and Dively

A

Davis+removal of bursa

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20
Q

Describe DeVries

A

removal of lateral plantar condyle

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21
Q

Describe Amberry

A

Davis+removal of base of proximal phalanx

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22
Q

Describe McKeever

A

resection of 1/2-2/3 of 5th met

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23
Q

Describe reverse Hohmann

A

transverse osteotomy in neck

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24
Q

Describe long oblique distal osteotomy

A

Weil osteotomy like cut at the MT neck

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25
Anatomy associated with Lisfranc complex
- Complex composed of dorsal (weakest) Plantar (strongest) and interosseus ligaments - 2nd TMT joint is the keystone of the arch - No interosseus ligament between 1st and 2nd MT
26
Etiology of Lisfranc fracture
- most injuries in Dorsal direction - Forced abduction - Twisting with an axial loading of a PF foot - Motor vehicle accident
27
Clinical signs present with Lisfranc injury
Plantar ecchymosis sign Apprehension sign: with FF DF and abduction Stress exam of midfoot: unstable TMTJ with pronation and eversion RULE OUT COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
28
X-ray findings associated with Lisfranc injury
Space between 1st and 2nd MT should be equal inspace with medial and intermediate cuneiform - Drop in arch - Fleck sign
29
What are the classification systems used to describe Lisfranc injuries
- Harcastle - Quenu and Kuss - Nunley
30
When is surgery needed with Lisfranc injuries:
When there is plantar instability and when there is >2mm displacement
31
How many incisions are used with Lisfranc surgery and what structures are fixated
3 incisions are used. - medial to 1st met - in 2nd interspace - in 4th interspace ORIF used to achieve arthrodesis of 1st-3rd TMTJ Do not fuse 4 and 5 because they are essential joints.
32
What is the etiology of talar neck fracture and what xray view is used
Etiology: axial load+ hyper dorsiflexion. Aviators Astralagus -Canale X-ray view
33
What is the etiology of talar head fractures
1) Crush/compression | 2) Axial load on navicular
34
Etiology of talar body fractures
1) osteochondral 2) Comminuted These have similar rates of AVN as neck fractures
35
Etiology of posterior process fractures
-Shepard's or cedell fractures occur with forced PF of the foot. Steida process: intact medial tubercle
36
Blood supply to the head/neck of talus, body of the talus and posterior portion of the talus
- Head/Neck: DP and ATA - Body: Artery to tarsal canal (PTA), artery to tarsal sinus(peroneal) - Posterior: peroneal artery and calcaneal branches
37
Describe Canale view:
AP view with foot PF, pronated 15 degrees to view angular deformity of talar neck
38
Describe Hawkins sign
subchondral sclerosis on AP view at 6-8 weeks and indicates healing
39
Treatment of talar fractures
surgical emergency if protrusion of bone against skin causing skin necrosis, prompt reduction of fracture needed.
40
What classification system used for talar neck fractures and what does it say about blood vessels damaged and risk for AVN
Hawkins classification 1: 1 vessel disrupted. 12% risk for AVN 2: 2 vessels disrupted. risk of AVN 20-50% 3: 3 vessels disrupted. Risk of AVN 50-90% 4: all vessels disrupted. Risk of AVN 90-100%
41
What classification system used for talar body fractures
Sneppen classification
42
describe sneppen
1: OCD Talar dome- compressive injury 2: Body (coronal/sagittal)- shear, sever DF 3: Posterior tubercle (shepard or cedell) 4: Lateral process- Snowboarder fracture with DF eversion 5: Crush injury
43
What is the MOI for posterior process fracture
Forced plantarflexion with compression of talar posterior process between the posterior malleoli and calcaneal tubercle
44
Clinical presentation sign seen with posterior process fractures
Nutcracker sign: pain with forced ankle PF
45
Which part of the Navicular is considered to be avascular
Plantar central 1/3
46
What classification system is used to describe navicular fractures
Watson and Jones classification
47
Describe Watson and Jones classification
``` I: Fracture of Navicular tuberosity II: Dorsal lip avulsion fracture III: Fracture of the navicualr body. (Sangeorzan) 3A: Coronal 3B: Dorsolateral to plantarmedial 3C: comminution IV: stress fracture ```
48
Clinical presentation of Calcaneal fracture
Mondors sign back pain between T12 and L2 Compartment syndrome Hoffa's sign- less taut Achilles tendon Lateral wall blowout
49
X-ray views to get when suspecting calcaneal fracure
Brodens view: to view posterior facet Isherwood view: 3 oblique views to view all facets Calcaneal axial view: lateral widening and varus orientation
50
Radiographic angles to keep in mind when dealing with calcaneal fractures
Bohler;s angle: normal 20-40 decrease with fracture Gissane's angle:normal 120-145. Increase with fracture
51
What classification systems are used with calc fractures
-Extraarticular, X-ray: Rowe Intraarticular, CT: Sanders Essex-Lopresti
52
Describe Rowe's classification
IA: fracture through calcaneal tuberosity IB: Fracture through sustentaculum tali IC: fracture through anterior process 2A: Posterior process 2B: Avulsion fracture of Achilles tendon 3: oblique fracture through body but extraarticular 4: oblique fracture through body intraarticular 5: comminuted/joint depression
53
Describe Sander's classification
1: any fracture that is non displaced 2A:Displaced lateral 2B: Displaced middle 2C: Displaced medial 3AB, 3AB, 3BC: 3 fragments 4: four comminuted fragments
54
Describe Essex and Lopresti
A: tongue type B: Joint depression
55
What are the goals of surgical treatment of calcaneal fractures (3)
- Restore the height/length - Prevent varus/valgus - Prevent posterior facet step off
56
What are the poiatric surgical emergencies(4)
Gas gangrene Compartment syndrome Necrotizing fasciitis - open fractures - anything that causes N/V compromise
57
What classification system is used for open fractures
Gustilo and Anderson
58
Describe Fustilo and anderson
1- Opening in the skin <1cm 2- Opening in the skin between1-5cm 3A: Greater than 5 cm with great soft tissue coverage 3B: Greater than 5cm with periosteal stripping 3C: Greater than 5 cm with arterial damage3
59
Fracture blisters, etiology , how to prevent, how to resolve
etiology: due to high energy trauma from mechanical shear force Early operation prevents formation of blisters Treatment: best to wait for blister to resolve than cutting through it
60
How to diagnose compartment syndrome:
Stryker (Wick's), slit catheter
61
What are the compartment pressures during a compartment syndrome
Intra-compartmental : >30mmhg | Extra-compartmental: within 10-30mmHg of diastolic BP
62
Clinical presentation of compartment syndrome
6p's ``` Pain out of proportion Paresthesia Pallor Pulselessness Paresis Paralysis Pressure ```
63
What is Volkman's contracture
ischemic necrosis causes muscular contracture
64
What organism to think of if puncture wound through shoe
pseudomonas
65
What organism to think of if puncture wound through soil
clostridia
66
What organism to think of if puncture wound from dog bite
pasteurella multocida
67
What organism to think of if puncture wound from cat bite
pasteurella multocida
68
What organism to think of if puncture wound from cat scratch
bartonella henslae
69
What organism to think of with human bite
eikenella
70
What classification system for nail injury
Rosenthal
71
Describe rosenthal classification
Zone 1: distal to distal aspect of distal phalanx Zone 2: Distal to lunula Zone3: Distal to most distal joint.
72
What are the compartments of the foot
9 of them Superficial and deep centrall medial 4 interosseus Lateral plantar deep interosseus
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