What is a functional group
- they are the area where the molecule can react with another
- Atoms have a particular way in which they bond/attach. Ex. Carbon can form 4 bonds
- the # of bonds an atom can form is the bonding capacity
What are the three functional groups
- COOH: a “carboxyl” group/ caroxylic acid ( and makes the molecule acidic). Found in proteins
- OH: a “hydroxyl” group, found in large quantities in alcohols and carbohydrates (it increases solubility in H2O using hydrogen bonding
- NH2: an “amino” group found in proteins and can make molecules basic
What is condensation reactions
- occurs when 2 subunits are put together and they release a water molecule
- this is because and H molecule interacts with an OH molecule making H2O
- this process absorbs energy and is called anabolic rxn because it builds up molecules from smaller ones
- is considered a good source of energy because of stored energy
What is a hydrolysis rxn
- occurs when a large molecules are broken apart into smaller ones
- water molecules are used up in this rxn
- is an example of a catabolic rxn
- energy is released in this rxn ( this happens in digestion)
What do condensation and hydrolysis rxns need
To happen in living systems the need assistance from enzymes
What happens in a redox rxns
- One molecule loses an electron ( oxidation) and one molecule gains an electron ( reduction). Oxidation and reduction always accompany each other.
- the substance the provides the electron is called the reducing agent and the one that takes is called the oxidizing agent
What is ATP and why is it important to living things
It is the main source of of free energy in living things. It is also known as adenosine triphosphate
What type of reactions occur during the production of ATP
hydrolysis rxn
What are the 4 major types of macromolecules
- Carbohydrate (like starch & sugars)
- Lipid (like fats & oils)
- Protein (like enzymes)
- nucleic acids (like DNA)
What is the general formula for carbs
CH2O (1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen) or any other number of those 3 atoms in a similar ration
What is the difference between alpha and beta
Alpha is when hydrogen is on top of the linking bonds and beta is when OH is on top of the linking bonds
What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids
- unsaturated fats have double bonds that have a bend or “kink” in it
- saturated fats have single carbon bonds and are linear
- unsaturated fats are liquid at room temp.
Why are unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temperature
because the double bonds create kinks that prevent the molecules from packing closely together.
What are the 3 parts of an amino acid
- the amino group (-NH2)
- Carboxyl group (-COOH)
-the “R” group that makes each amino acid different because this group can very in its chemistry
What is the name of the bond formed between 2 (or more) proteins
a peptide bond
What are the similarities and differences between RNA and DNA
- in DNA adenine bonds with thymine where in RNA adenine bonds with uracil
- in both DNA & RNA guanine is bonded with cytosine
- DNA is more stable than RNA
What are purines
- composed of a double ring
- contains adenine and guanine which is in both RNA & DNA
- adenine has 2 H-bonding sites for base pairing
- guanine has 3 H-bonding sites for base pairing
What are pyrmidines
- single ring
- thymine is in DNA and has 2 H-bonding sites
- cytosine is in DNA & RNA and has 3 H- bonding sites
How can you tell adenosine and Guanine apart
Guanine has a double O bond and adenosine doesn’t
How can you tell thymine and cytosine apart
- thymine has two double O bonds
- cytosine has a NH2 bond
How do you tell the difference between uracil and thymine
Uracil doesn’t have H3C (methyl group) bond
