Bio Grade 12 > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular

A

Intermolecular is the bonds between molecules where intramolecular is the attraction between atoms in the same molecule involving intermolecular forces

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2
Q

What are the differences between ionic and covalent bonds

A
  • ionic is between a metal and non-metal. Covalent is between non-metals
  • ionic electrons are transferred from one another
  • covalent electrons are shared
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3
Q

What is the difference between non-polar and polar molecules

A
  • non-polar are atoms with the same electronegativity
  • polar occurs when atoms of different electronegativies. This unequal sharing of electrons produces a dipole
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4
Q

What are London forces

A

Random inequality in electron distribution

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5
Q

What are dipole-dipole forces

A

The attraction between polar molecules. When there is an unequal sharing of electrons, a dipole forms. The atom with the more electronegativity is given the slightly negative symbol then the atom with the lower electronegativity is given the slightly positive symbol

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6
Q

What are hydrogen bonds

A

Strong dipole dipole forces that involve a hydrogen bonded to N,O,F, or S

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7
Q

What is the difference between condensation rxns and hydrolysis rxns

A

-condensation is when two subunits make a bigger on. Hydrolysis is when the break apart into smaller ones
- condensation is and ex of a anabolic rxn, hydrolysis is an ex of a catabolic rxn
- condensation absorbs energy and hydrolysis releases energy

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8
Q

What is the difference between a molecule being oxidized or reduced

A
  • an oxidized molecule loses an electron and a reduced electron gains an electron
  • the substance that provides the electron is called the reducing agent ( because it makes something reduced)
  • the substance that takes the electron called the oxidizing agent ( because it makes something oxidized)
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9
Q

What is metabolism

A
  • the reactions that occur in the body
  • they are split into two groups
  • catabolic : takes large molecules and makes them into smaller ones
  • anabolic takes smaller ones and turns them into a bigger one
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10
Q

What is ATP

A
  • also known as adenosine triphosphate
  • it is a major source of energy
  • when energy is needed the third phosphate is broken off resulting in ADP and energy being produced
  • ADP is then re-charged back into ATP through cellular respiration
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11
Q

Why is ATP important to living things

A

it is the main source of free energy

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12
Q

What are the 4 major macromolecules found in living systems

A
  • carbohydrates ( like starch and sugars)
  • lipids (like fats &oils)
  • Proteins (like enzymes)
  • nucleic acids (like DNA)
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13
Q

What macromolecules are polymers and which ones are monomers

A

Polymers: carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids (molecules made of long chains of repeating small units)
Monomers: lipids,they are still made up of smaller parts put together

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14
Q

What is the name of the bond formed between two or more carbs

A

glycosidic linkages

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15
Q

what is the general formula for carbohydrates

A

CH2O

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16
Q

What are the 4 classes of carbs

A
  • monosaccharide
  • diasccharide
    -Oligosaccharide
    -Polysaccharide
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17
Q

What are monosaccharide

A
  • also known as “simple sugars”
  • distinguished the the #of C in chain
  • consists of one unit
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18
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

2 simple sugars bonded together by glycosidic linkages

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19
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A
  • polymers containing hundreds of simple sugars
  • also called complex sugars
  • used for energy storage and structural support
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20
Q

What does hydrophilic mean

A

water loving molecules

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21
Q

What does hydrophobic mean

A

water hating molecules

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22
Q

What is the name of the bond formed between fatty acids alcohol in waxes

A

ester linkages

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23
Q

What are the differences between unsaturated and saturated fats

A
  • saturated fats have single carbon bonds were unsaturated has double carbon bonds
    -unsaturated fats look bent or that it has a “kink” in it because of the double bonds
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24
Q

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature

Study These Flashcards
A

because they can’t closely bond together. Being able to tightly stack together allows molecules to become solid. The bends prevent this from happening

25
How many amino acids are in proteins
20 different amino acids
26
How many amino acids can the human body make and where do humans obtain the rest
- humans can make 11 of the 20 - the other 9 are obtained through our diet and are called the essential amino acids
27
what is the name of the bond between 2 or more protiens
peptide bonds
28
What is denaturation and how is it caused
when a protein loses its shape, it also loses its function as well. This is caused by changes in temperature and pH. For example cooking an egg white in a pan
29
What are the nitrogenous bases and were are they found.
-Thymine: found in DNA -Cytosine: found in DNA and RNA - adenosine: found in DNA and RNA - Guanine: found in DNA and RNA
30
Which nitrogenous bases pair with each other in DNA
Adosine - Thymine Guanine - Cytosine
31
Which nitrogenous bases pair with each other in RNA
Adenosine - Uracil Guanine - Cytosine
32
Which nitrogenous bases are purines
- composed of a double ring - Adensine: has 2 H-bonding sites for base pairing - Guanine: has 3 H-bonding sites for base pairing
33
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrmidines
- single ringed - Thymine: has 2 H-bonding sites for base pairing - cytosine: has 3 H-bonding sites for base pairing
34
What is the name of the bond formed between 2 or more nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
35
What is competitive inhibitor
Competitive: are similar to the substrate of the enzymes if there is a lot of it, it can block proper enzyme function. If the regular substrate it can out compete the inhibitor and the enzyme can resume normal function
36
What is a non-competitive inhibitor
Attach to a different site other than the active site. This binding ends up changing the enzymes shape, and causes the shape of the active site to change slightly, therefore enzyme function is affected (less active)
37
What are fictional groups
they determine the way particular atoms bond/attach to other atoms
38
What are the 3 functional groups
- COOH: a carboxylic acid found in proteins (makes the molecules acidic - OH: a hydroxyl group found in large quantities in alcohol and carbohydrates ( increases solubility in water because of h-bonding - NH2: an amino group found in protein & make molecules basic
39
How does water hold itself together effectively
- the hydrogen bonding between H and O creates a crystal lattice structure - the cohesion also results in the attraction between molecules
40
What occurs during a rxn that require energy (ATP)
an enzyme makes the third phosphate on the molecules break off resulting in ADP and energy being produced
41
What are the 4 structures of amino acids
- primary structure - secondary structure - tertiary structure - Quaternary structure
42
What is primary structure
when amino acids bond and form a linear chain
43
What is the secondary structure
when individual amino acids within the polypeptide interact within one another. The polypeptide chain to fold ( beta folded sheets) and coil (alpha helix)
44
What is the tertiary structure
caused by bonds between R groups of amino acids
45
What is the Quaternary Structure
when 2 or more separate proteins come together to perform a specific function ( like hemoglobin in blood
46
What are nucleic acids made of
they are made of nucleotides which are made up of sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen base
47
``What is the structure of DNA
nucleotides
48
What are enzymes and how are they useful
- they are catalysts - they speed up reactions that would normally take a long time to happen
49
What is the structure of the cell membrane
- it is composed of a bilayer (double layer) of fat (Lipid) molecules called phospholipids - other compounds like proteins and carbohydrates can be seen suspended in the membrane
50
What does the term "fluid mosaic model" mean
- beacuse of the suspended molecules in the membrane it can move around. (The membrane isn't solid)
51
What is passive transport
- small, uncharged molecules are able to either pass straight through the bilayer or through channels formed by protiens - ions, small charged molecules and large molecules can't pass through
52
What is active transport
when various molecules need to be concentrated and forced against the concentration gradient. The cell needs energy to be pushed across the membrane
53
What is the difference between active and passive transport
active requires ATP (energy)
54
55
What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane
- cell wall is the outer barrier of a plant cell. It surrounds the plasma membrane and give structure to the plant - cell membrane is a dynamic barrier that surrounds the cytosine of the cell
56
What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (er)
- routes and modified new polypeptide chains; synthesizes lipids -is made up of smooth er and rough er -smooth er is areas that don’t have ribosomes attached - rough er is areas with ribosomes attached to the surface
57
How do Golgi bodies work with the er
It does the final packaging of proteins. Put into their final form and sorted
58
What are lysome
- they are a small membrane bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes that aid in waste disposal
59
Why are lysomes only in animal cells
Because plants have a cell wall that prevents things from getting in the cell. Animal cells don’t have that so lysomes to remove toxic waste
Bio Grade 12
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