1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
The study of structure of the body and the relative relationships among body parts
2
Q
What is physiology?
A
The study of normal function/natural processes in the human body
3
Q
Describe supine body position
A
Lying flat on their back face-up, body is horizontal
4
Q
Describe prone body position
A
Laying flat on their front, face-down, body is horizontal
5
Q
What is organism level?
A
Highest level or organization, includes the structure and function of all the organ systems in the body
6
Q
What is organ system level?
A
A collection of organs that functions as a unit to carry out a collection of related body activities
7
Q
What does the integumentary system consist of?
A
Hair, skin, nails, sweat glands
8
Q
What does the skeletal system consist of?
A
Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
9
Q
What does bone marrow do?
A
Forms blood cells
10
Q
What does the muscular system consist of?
A
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
11
Q
What does the nervous system consist of?
A
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
12
Q
What do sense organs do?
A
Sense and respond to stimuli
13
Q
What does the endocrine system consist of?
A
Pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
14
Q
What does the endocrine system do?
A
Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, and controls many structural and functional changes during development
15
Q
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
A
Heart, blood, blood vessels
16
Q
What does the cardiovascular system do?
A
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide, distributes heat generated by muscles, controls internal temperature
17
Q
What does the lymphatic system do?
A
Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
18
Q
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
A
Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
19
Q
What does the respiratory system consist of?
A
Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
20
Q
What does the respiratory system do?
A
Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, produces sounds for communication
21
Q
What does the digestive system consist of?
A
Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
22
Q
What does the digestive system do?
A
Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
23
Q
What does the urinary system consist of?
A
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
24
Q
What does the urinary system do?
A
excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
25
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
26
What is catabolism?
The BREAKdown of large molecules into small ones
27
What is anabolism?
The CONSTRUCTION of larger molecules from small ones
28
What are the characteristics of living systems?
Responsiveness, reproduction, metabolism, movement, growth and differentiation
29
Responsiveness
The ability to respond to change in the interal or external environment
29
Reproduction
Formation of new cells and the formation of new individuals
30
Movement (at any structural level)
The body, an organ, a cell or cell component
31
Growth and differentiation
Increase in number or size of cells, specialization of cells for a specific function
32
What is homeostasis?
The condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits
33
What are the levels of structural organization?
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level
34
5 steps of scientific method?
Observation, hypothesis and prediction, experimentation, analysis and conclusion, and development of a new hypothesis
35
What feedback loop is most common in the human body?
Negative feedback loops
36
Characteristics of a negative feedback loop?
Original stimulus reversed, used for conditions that need frequent adjustment (body temp, blood sugar levels, blood pressure)
37
Characteristics of a positive feedback loop?
Original stimulus intensified (childbirth)
38
What is a constant state maintained through time?
Steady-state
39
What is a constant state achieved without energy expenditure?
Equilibrium
40
Is the maintenance of homeostasis energetically expensive or cheap?
Expensive
41
What element do organic compounds always contain?
Carbon
42
Lipid element composition?
Carbon and hydrogen
43
Carbohydrate element composition?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
43
Protein element composition?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
44
What does a side chain (or R group) do?
Differentiates amino acids
44
Nucleotides composition?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
45
What is a nucleotide?
A nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide and phosphate groups
46
What does DNA do?
Makes up genes, provides blueprint for all protein synthesis, transfers hereditary information between cells and generations
47
What is a catalyst?
Lowers activation energy so a chemical reaction occurs quicker (enzyme is a biological catalyst)
47
What is the formula for nucelotides?
Base + sugar + phosphate
48
What is metabolism?
Manipulation of the energy stored in chemical bonds
49
What is a covalent bond?
Shared electrons
50
What is an ionic bond?
Elements use attractive force of electrical charge
51
Hydrophobic molecules?
Contain mainly nonpolar covalent bondns and are not water soluble
52
Hydrophillic molecules?
Solutes that are charged or contain polar covalent bonds and thus easily dissolve in water
53
Amphipathic molecules?
Have polar and non polar regions
53
Why do we need amphipathic molecules?
They emulsify oils and fats so they can be absorbed easier
54
Where do biological reactions typically occur?
In solution
55
What is a solution?
A mixture of two or more components
56
What are the two fluid compartments where water is contained?
Intracellular (within cells) fluid and extracellular (outside of cells) fluid
56
What is extracellular fluid made from?
Interstitial fluid and plasma
57
What does the coordinated activity of cells result in in the human body?
Homeostasis of higher levels of biological organization
58
What is the plasma membrane?
Interaction surface between a cell and the world outside of it
58
What is the nucleus?
Contains genetic material of the cell
59
What is the cytoplasm?
Everything between the membrane and nucleus (the cytosol, organelles)
60
What are the two categories of organelle
Membranous (ER, nucleus, mitochondria) and non membranous (cytoskeleton, ribosomes)
61
What is a cell's membrane made of?
Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
62
What is the principle membrane lipid?
Phospholipid
63
What is a phospolipid composed of?
A charged, polar head, and an uncharged non polar tail
64
Are phospholipids capable of self-assembly?
Yes, this allows them to easily repair the bilayer
64
What do membrane proteins do?
They determine the functionality upon different membranes in cells
65
What are proteins made of?
A linear sequence of amino acids
66
What are amino acids made of?
R groups, base group, acid group, and ionized amino acid
67
What are the types of membrane proteins?
Integral proteins and peripheral proteins
68
What is an integral protein?
Membrane protein that extends into or completely across cell membranes, are amphipathic
69
What is a peripheral protein?
Attached to either inner or outer surface of cell membrane and only interact with polar heads in the bilayer (and are easily removed from it)
70
Are membrane proteins free to move laterally through the cell membrane?
Yes, according to the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
71
Do membrane phospholipids trade places with their neighbors
Yes
72
What is active transport?
Substances move against their concentration gradient (low to high concentration) WITH energy input (usually ATP)
72
What is passive transport?
When substances move down their concentration gradient (high to low concentration) WITHOUT energy input
73
What speed does diffusion occur over cellular (short) distances?
Rapidly
74
Is net diffusion is proportional to concentration gradient?
Yes
75
What speed does diffusion occur over organismic (long) distances?
Slowly
76
What type of solute can enter the lipid bilayer?
Hydrophobic (non-polar) solutes
77
What are the types of passive transport?
Simple diffusion, osmosis, channel mediated facilitated diffusion, carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
78
What is primary active transport?
Energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of the carrier protein and pumps the substance across the membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient
79
What is secondary active transport?
Energy stored in the Na+ or H+ gradient is used to move other substances against their concentration gradients
80
What is bulk transport?
Transport in vesicles, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis
81
How many Na+ ions are removed from the cell using the Na/K pump? How many potassium ions brought into the cell?
3 sodium ions, 2 potassium ions
81
What is endocytosis?
Vesicular transport of something into a cell
82
What is exocytosis?
Vesicular transport of something out of a cell
83
What is transcytosis?
Vesicular transport of something from the outside environment on one side of a cell to the outside environment on the other side of the cell
84
What are the two cell types in neuronal tissue?
Neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glial cells)
85
What does a nerve cell do?
Generation and interpretation of electrical signals
86
What does a glial cell do?
Support neuronal cell activity
87
What is resting membrane potential?
The baseline electrical condition of all cells, chemical and electrical forves are nearly in balance
88
Are potassium leak channels present in all cells?
Yes
89
What is the chemical force for potassium in the cell?
Potassium gradient (pushes k out of cell against the gradient)
90
What is the electrical force for potassium in the cell?
The negatively charged inside of the cell (pulls K into cell)
91
Is sodium permeable to the membrane?
No, it cannot enter without active transport
92
Is sodium more abundant outside or inside the cell?
EXTRAcellularly
93
Is potassium more abundant outside or inside the cell?
INTRAcellularly
94
What membrane potential is a characteristic of all cells at rest?
K+ dominated, inside negative membrane potential
95
What allows cells to generate electrical signals?
Regulation of channel-mediated ion permeability
95
Changes in membrane permeability can produce large changes in the membrane ________?
Potential
96
How do chemically gated channels open?
When a signal molecule binds to the channel protein
97
How do mechanically gated channels open?
When a membrane gets stretched
97
How do voltage gated channels open?
When the membrate potential gets less negative
98
What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
Childbirth
99
To maintain homeostasis, an organism must return to equilibrium
FALSE, needs to maintain a stable internal environment, not an equilibrium
100
Positive feedback loops are used for homeostatic maintenance of most controlled conditions
False
101
A controlled condition will vary around a _______ that lies __________ physiological limits
Set point; within
102
In a negative feedback loop, the response ______ the stimulus
Opposes
103
What is the most complex level of organization?
The organ system level
104
At what levels can movement occur?
Cellular, cellular components, organs, and organismal movement
105
Does reproduction occur only at the organismal level?
NO
106
Can organs work together in organ systems?
Yes
107
Can organs contain epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and connective tissue?
Yes
108
Do organs have specific functions and shapes?
Yes
109
Are organs made of one tissue type?
No
110
What is a revised hypothesis?
Similar to the original hypothesis, but informed by the results of experiments
111
What are the steps of the scientific method in order?
Observation, hypothesis and prediction, experimental testing, analysis and conclusion
112
Is science a collection of facts and concepts?
False
113
What is a hypothesis?
A question formed on the basis of observation
114
For homeostasis to be maintained, a controlled condition must remain exactly constant
False
115
In a feedback loop, the component that integrates information and decides how to respond is
The control center
115
Human life is confined to physiological limits for what parameters?
pH of body fluids, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugars
116
What feedback loop is used for homeostatic maintenance of controlled conditions that need frequent adjustments
Negative feedback loops
117
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body's ___________ remains relatively constant within __________
Internal environment; physiological limits
118
Science is the way to ___________ what is fact and to develop _________
determine; concepts
119
Larger molecules are built using smaller ones during the process of __________
anabolism
120
The development of specialized cells from unspecialized stem cells is a description of what basic life process?
Differentiation
121
A living system can grow by...
Increasing the number of cells and increasing the amount of material between cells
PSIO 201
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