What are the 4 stages involved in the decline of the inner city?
- Industrial change/decline
- Increasing unemployment
- Declining of shops and services
- declining in housing and environment
What are the social factors involved in the cycle of decline?
- people are made unemployed
- people have less money to spend
- crime rates increased
- lower aspirations/lower wage demand
- outmigration of skilled people in search of jobs
What are the environmental factors involved in the cycle of decline?
- dereliction of industrial premises more waste land
- increased burglary, grafitti, vandalism and fly tipping
- environmental/building quality decline
What are the economic factors involved in the cycle of decline?
- industrial decline/de-industrialisation happens
- industries and businesses start to reduce workforce and relocate
- industrial buildings sit empty
- less skilled workforce
- low investor confidence in the area
What is social exclusion in de-industrialised places?
process of de-industrialisation can create areas of deprivation within a city
-> the process that leads to exclusion = filtering
How does social exclusion work?
- de-industrialisation within an area leads to unemployment
- outward migration of people within with higher levels of skills and education occurs as they find work elsewhere
- remaining population decline in no. Those who remain suffer high unemployment and have decreased skills/ levels of education level leads to few prospects
- decreased pop with a lack of spending power causes closure and further decline, lack of key services
- remaining pop suffer social excursion and deprivation
What are some of the issues that deprived/filtered areas face?
- poverty/homelessness
- dereliction
- less resources
- decline in public services
- increased crime rates
- poor quality of life
- ageing population
- spiral of decline
What is the case study for deprivation?
Ladywood, Birmingham
Why is ladywood now deprived?
Is an inner city location that developed in response to the growth of industry, canals and railway networks. De-industrialisation has led to its decline
In 2008, ‘The campaign to end child poverty’ revealed what? (LADYWOOD)
80% of familied fighting for financial survival
In what year was it reported that Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of ALL constituents in the U.K?
2010
In 2009 what percentage of all violent crime occurred in Ladywood?
25%, in all of Birmingham
What does LLSOA stand for?
Lower Layer Super Output Areas
What was the % of homes rented from the council in 2021 in Ladywood compared to the national average?
Ladywood = 75%
National Average = 9%
What was the % of people in 2021 that had no qualifications in Ladywood compared to National Average?
Ladywood = 29%
National Average = 18%
What are enterprise zones?
These are designated areas in England that provide tax breaks and government support, objective to encourage businesses to establish themselves in these areas and start economic development
How have government policies helped improve areas suffering from deprivation?
- encourage new economic growth in the tertiary sector by attracting FDI in the U.K from MNC’s
- retaining local population
- improving environment
What are some of the benefits the U.K government offer to companies?
- up to 100% business rate discount worth up to £275,000 per business, over a 5 year period
- simple, fast planning permission
- access to superfast broadband
- 100% tax relief on things such as machinery
HSBC Arena Central is an Enterprise Zone. Where is it located? When did it open? What is it?
Located in central Birmingham
Opened in 2013
Delivered 1.2 million sq ft of mixed development for work, leisure, retail
670,000 sq ft of offices
250 bedroom Holiday Inn
When was the Big City Plan introduced?
2010, added enterprise zones
When will all zones be established by? (Big City Plan)
2031
What are the six economic zones that will be established? (Big City Plan)
- The advanced manufacturing hub
- Tyseley, environmental enterpise district
- U.K science campus
- City centre enterprise zone
- Long bridge
- Tec park
What will the new enterprise zones attract? (Big City Plan)
attract £1.5 billion investment, generating 1.8 million sq ft of new floor space and 50,000 new jobs
What are the problems in living in a heavy industry area?
- contamination of air and water
- noise pollution
- industrial waste
