AP Human Geography notes > unit 2 > Flashcards

unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a dispersed settlement pattern?

A

A pattern where buildings/houses are spread out over a large area (ex: rural Kansas farms).

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2
Q

What is population distribution?

A

The pattern of where people live (ex: Canada clustered along U.S. border).

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3
Q

What is climate?

A

The long-term weather patterns of a region (ex: tropical climate in Brazil).

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4
Q

What are temperate climates?

A

Mild, moderate climates with seasonal variation (ex: France, Germany).

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5
Q

What are landforms?

A

Physical features of Earth’s surface (ex: Rocky Mountains).

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6
Q

What is ecumene?

A

Permanently inhabited land (ex: Nile River Valley).

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7
Q

What is population density?

A

Number of people per unit of land (ex: Bangladesh).

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8
Q

What is arithmetic density?

A

Population ÷ total land area (ex: U.S. ~94 per sq. mile).

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9
Q

What is physiological density?

A

Population ÷ arable land (ex: Egypt has high physiological density).

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10
Q

What is arable land?

A

Land suitable for farming (ex: Iowa farmland).

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11
Q

What is agricultural density?

A

Farmers ÷ arable land (ex: India has higher agricultural density than U.S.).

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12
Q

What is subsistence agriculture?

A

Farming only to feed the farmer’s family (ex: villages in Sub-Saharan Africa).

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13
Q

What are population agglomerations?

A

Large clusters of people in certain areas (ex: East Asia).

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14
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

Maximum population an environment can support (ex: Easter Island collapse).

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15
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

Ratio of dependents to working-age population (ex: Japan has a high dependency ratio).

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16
Q

What is sex ratio?

A

Number of males per 100 females (ex: China has more males than females).

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17
Q

What are demographics?

A

Statistical study of populations (ex: U.S. Census data).

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18
Q

What is fertility?

A

Actual reproduction rates in a population (ex: high fertility in Niger).

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19
Q

What is crude birth rate (CBR)?

A

Births per 1,000 people per year (ex: U.S. ~11).

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20
Q

What is total fertility rate (TFR)?

A

Average number of children per woman (ex: U.S. ~1.7, Niger ~6.7).

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21
Q

What is mortality?

A

Death rates in a population (ex: higher in war zones).

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22
Q

What is crude death rate (CDR)?

A

Deaths per 1,000 people per year (ex: Germany’s CDR > many developing countries).

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23
Q

What is infant mortality rate (IMR)?

A

Infant deaths per 1,000 live births (ex: Sub-Saharan Africa >50).

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24
Q

What is maternal mortality rate?

A

Deaths of mothers per 100,000 births (ex: U.S. ~20, higher in developing countries).

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25
What is the J-curve?
Graph showing exponential population growth (ex: world population in 20th century).
26
What is the S-curve?
Population growth that levels off (logistic growth) (ex: world projected to stabilize at ~11B).
27
What is life expectancy?
Average years a person is expected to live (ex: Japan ~84).
28
What are population pyramids?
Graphs showing age/sex distribution (ex: Nigeria wide base).
29
What is zero population growth?
When births = deaths, no growth (ex: Italy approaching ZPG).
30
What is replacement fertility?
Fertility rate needed to maintain population (~2.1) (ex: U.S. below replacement).
31
What is hidden momentum?
Continued growth even when fertility falls, due to many young people (ex: India).
32
What is rate of natural increase (RNI)?
CBR – CDR, ignoring migration (ex: Africa has high RNI).
33
What is doubling time?
Time it takes for a population to double (ex: world ~58 years).
34
What is urbanization?
Growth of cities (ex: Industrial Revolution in the U.S.).
35
What is suburbanization?
Movement from cities to suburbs (ex: U.S. post-WWII).
36
What is counterurbanization?
Movement from cities to rural areas (ex: remote workers in Colorado mountains).
37
What is overpopulation?
When a population exceeds resource capacity (ex: Sahel region of Africa).
38
Who was Thomas Malthus?
Economist who said population grows faster than food, predicted famine (1798).
39
What is a Neo-Malthusian?
Modern supporter of Malthus, warning about population growth (ex: Africa’s population boom).
40
What are Cornucopians?
Believe human innovation solves resource shortages (ex: Green Revolution).
41
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
A model explaining population growth through stages (ex: U.S. in Stage 4, Niger in Stage 2).
42
What is the demographic equation?
Growth = (births – deaths) + (immigration – emigration) (ex: U.S. growth from immigration).
43
What is the Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)?
Model showing shifts in causes of death as societies develop (ex: Stage 2 = infectious diseases, Stage 4 = chronic diseases).
44
What is an antinatalist policy?
Policy discouraging births (ex: China’s One Child Policy).
45
What is a pronatalist policy?
Policy encouraging births (ex: France’s baby bonuses).
46
What is land degradation?
Decline in land quality (ex: deforestation in Amazon).
47
What is mobility?
All types of movement from one place to another (ex: college student moving to dorms).
48
What is circulation?
Short-term, repetitive movement (ex: daily commute).
49
What is emigration?
Leaving a country (ex: Irish emigration in 1800s).
50
What is immigration?
Moving into a country (ex: Mexican immigration to U.S.).
51
What is net migration?
Immigration – emigration (ex: U.S. has net in-migration).
52
What is the gravity model of migration?
Larger and closer places attract more migrants (ex: U.S. & Mexico).
53
What are push factors?
Negative reasons driving people away (ex: war in Syria).
54
What are pull factors?
Positive reasons attracting people (ex: jobs in U.S. cities).
55
What is Lee’s Migration Model?
Explains migration with push, pull, and obstacles (ex: moving for jobs but blocked by visa laws).
56
What are Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration?
19th-century laws describing migration patterns (ex: most migrants move short distances, long-distance migrants go to cities).
57
What is voluntary migration?
Migration by choice (ex: Italians to U.S. in early 1900s).
58
What is forced migration?
Migration by force (ex: Atlantic slave trade).
59
What is transnational migration?
Migrants move across borders but maintain strong ties home (ex: Mexicans in U.S. sending remittances).
60
What is internal migration?
Movement within a country (ex: Rust Belt to Sun Belt).
61
What is migration transition theory?
Links migration patterns to development stages (ex: Stage 2 = emigration, Stage 4 = immigration).
62
What is friction of distance?
Distance reduces migration interactions (ex: fewer migrants move very far).
63
What is transhumance?
Seasonal movement of herders/livestock (ex: Mongolian herders).
64
What is chain migration?
Following family/community in migration (ex: Chinatown in U.S. cities).
65
What is step migration?
Migration in stages toward a destination (ex: village → town → city → foreign country).
66
What is a diaspora?
Scattering of a people from homeland (ex: Jewish diaspora).
67
What are intervening obstacles?
Barriers to migration (ex: visa restrictions).
68
What are intervening opportunities?
Nearby opportunities reduce long-distance migration (ex: jobs in Texas stop migrants from going to California).
69
What are guest workers?
Temporary foreign workers (ex: Turkish workers in Germany).
70
What is circular migration?
Repeated movement between home & work country (ex: seasonal farm workers in U.S.).
71
What are refugees?
People fleeing conflict/persecution (ex: Syrian refugees).
72
What is asylum?
Protection granted to refugees (ex: U.S. granting asylum to Afghans).
73
What are internally displaced persons (IDPs)?
Forced to move within their own country (ex: Ukrainians displaced by war).
74
What is human trafficking?
Illegal movement of people for exploitation (ex: modern slavery).
75
What does it mean to repatriate?
To return migrants/refugees to their home country (ex: Rwandan refugees returning after genocide).
76
What is interregional migration?
Migration between regions of a country (ex: Midwest to West Coast in U.S.).
77
What is intraregional migration?
Migration within the same region (ex: Denver to Boulder).
78
What are quotas?
Limits on immigration numbers (ex: U.S. quota system).
79
What are kinship links?
Family connections encouraging migration (ex: joining siblings abroad).
80
What is a skills gap?
Shortage of skilled workers in receiving country (ex: U.S. tech industry).
81
What are remittances?
Money sent home by migrants (ex: Mexicans in U.S. sending money to Mexico).
82
What is brain drain?
Loss of educated workers to other countries (ex: doctors leaving India for U.S.).
83
What is relocation diffusion?
Spread of culture/ideas via migration (ex: spread of Christianity).
AP Human Geography notes
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