1
Q
What is demography?
A
The statistical study of populations
2
Q
Population geography studies what five main aspects?
A
how to goon
3
Q
What is a cohort?
A
People in the same population
4
Q
Define population composition
A
The subdivisions of populations by characteristics such as age/sex
5
Q
What does a census measure?
A
An official count of a population that collects demographic
6
Q
What is population distribution?
A
The pattern of where people live across Earth’s surface; approximately 60% of the world lives in Asia
7
Q
What percentage of the world’s population lives in Asia?
A
Approximately 60%
8
Q
The formula for arithmetic population density is _____ divided by _____.
A
Total population divided by total land area
9
Q
What is arithmetic population density?
A
Total population divided by total land area; can be misleading because it assumes even distribution
10
Q
The world’s arithmetic population density is approximately _____.
A
28 people per square mile
11
Q
What is physiologic population density?
A
Total population divided by total arable land area; shows how many people are supported by each unit of farmland
12
Q
What percentage of the world’s land is arable?
A
0.14
13
Q
The formula for physiologic population density is _____.
A
Total population divided by total arable land area
14
Q
What is agricultural population density?
A
Farming population divided by total arable land area
15
Q
Agricultural population density is a sign of _____.
A
Development level; low numbers indicate highly developed countries with fewer people employed in farming
16
Q
Sri Lanka has _____ percent arable land while the US has _____ percent.
A
35% arable land (Sri Lanka); 17% arable land (US)
17
Q
Name the four major population clusters in the world.
A
East Asia
18
Q
East Asia contains almost _____ percent of the world’s population.
A
0.25
19
Q
China has over _____ billion people.
A
1.36 billion
20
Q
India has approximately _____ billion people and is predicted to have 1 out of 6 people by _____.
A
1.5 billion people; by 2030
21
Q
Bangladesh has _____ million people in an area the size of Iowa with a density of _____.
A
156 million people; 3000-5000 people per square mile (Iowa has 55)
22
Q
Europe has _____ million people which is less than half the population of South Asia.
A
725 million
23
Q
What is a megalopolis?
A
Huge urban agglomerations; examples include Boston to Washington DC and Quebec City to Windsor (contains half of Canada’s population)
24
Q
Why is Asia the world’s densest continent?
A
Due to Europe’s declining birth rates Asia has surpassed Europe to become the world’s densest continent
25
What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
The average number of children women are having in a society
26
The world's TFR is approximately _____.
2.7
27
MDCs have a TFR of approximately _____ while LDCs have _____.
1.6 (MDCs); 3.0 (LDCs)
28
What is replacement fertility?
The TFR needed for population maintenance; replacement rate is 2.1
29
If TFR is greater than 2.1 the population will _____.
Increase
30
If TFR is less than 2.1 the population will _____.
Eventually decrease
31
What is Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?
Number of births per 1000 people in the total population
32
The world's CBR is approximately _____.
21 per 1000
33
MDCs have a CBR of _____ while LDCs have _____.
11 (MDCs); 24 (LDCs)
34
What is Crude Death Rate (CDR)?
Number of deaths per 1000 people in the total population
35
The world's CDR is approximately _____.
9 per 1000
36
What is the mortality rate?
The measure of deaths in a population
37
What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
The probability that a child will die before reaching 1 year of age
38
What is child mortality?
The rate of death between ages 1 and 5
39
IMR in the United States varies by _____.
Region (highest in South lowest in Northeast)
40
What is life expectancy?
The average number of years a person is expected to live
41
What is the longevity gap?
The difference in life expectancy between different groups often based on gender
42
What is the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)?
Births minus deaths expressed as a percentage
43
The formula for RNI is _____.
(Births minus Deaths) divided by Total Population expressed as a percentage
44
The world's RNI is approximately _____.
0.012
45
MDCs have an RNI of _____ while LDCs have _____.
0.1% (MDCs); 1.5% (LDCs)
46
How do you calculate population growth rate?
Natural Increase (births minus deaths) plus Net Migration (immigrants minus emigrants)
47
Why are the world's RNI and growth rate the same?
Because people cannot migrate off Earth so net migration equals zero globally
48
In MDCs most population growth is due to _____ rather than _____.
Migration rather than natural increase
49
What is doubling time?
The amount of time needed to double a population at its current rate of increase
50
The formula for doubling time is _____.
70 divided by RNI
51
The world's doubling time is approximately _____.
58 years
52
MDCs have a doubling time of _____ years while LDCs have _____.
700 years (MDCs); 46 years (LDCs)
53
Is doubling time dependent on population size?
No it is independent of population size
54
What are the two components of population change?
Natural Increase (births and deaths) and Net Migration (immigrants and emigrants)
55
What is net migration?
The difference between immigrants entering and emigrants leaving a region
56
What is demographic momentum?
The expected continued growth of a population long after fertility rates decline due to a large proportion of the population being in childbearing years
57
What is a J-curve?
A graph showing exponential population growth with a shape resembling the letter J
58
What is an S-curve?
A graph showing logistic population growth that levels off as it approaches carrying capacity shaped like the letter S
59
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely given available resources
60
What is overpopulation?
When the number of people exceeds the carrying capacity of the region
61
What is underpopulation?
When a region has too few people to effectively use and develop its resources
62
Who was Thomas Malthus?
British economist who predicted population would grow exponentially while food production would grow arithmetically leading to famine and disease
63
What is a Neo-Malthusian?
Someone who believes that population growth will outpace resource availability following Malthus's theories
64
Who was Esther Boserup?
Geographer who argued that population growth stimulates agricultural innovation and increased food production (opposite of Malthus)
65
Who was Karl Marx?
Philosopher who argued that poverty was caused by unequal distribution of resources not overpopulation
66
Who was Warren Thompson?
Demographer who developed the Demographic Transition Model
67
Who was Ernst Ravenstein?
Geographer who developed the Laws of Migration in the 1880s describing patterns and characteristics of migration
68
Who was H.C. Carey?
Geographer who proposed an early version of the gravity model suggesting interaction between places is related to population and distance
69
What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
A model that links population trends to industrialization and economic development predicting changes in birth rates death rates and RNI over time
70
The DTM is based on the historical experience of _____.
Europe following the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions
71
What does the DTM imply about wealth and RNI?
The greater the wealth the lower the RNI
72
Stage 1 of the DTM is called _____ and is characterized by _____.
Pre-Industrial or High-Stationary; high CBR and CDR (both around 40) very slow population growth
73
What is the RNI in Stage 1 of the DTM?
Low RNI resulting in low growth
74
Why are birth rates high in Stage 1?
High TFR needed because of high IMR and CMR; agrarian society needs child labor
75
What causes population changes in Stage 1?
Population increases in good growing years and declines during famine and disease outbreaks
76
What are examples of Stage 1 countries?
No countries or world regions are currently in Stage 1
77
Stage 2 of the DTM is called _____ and is characterized by _____.
Early Industrial or Early-Expanding; high birth rates (over 30) and sharp decline in death rates (to about 20)
78
What causes the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2?
Improvements in agricultural technology medical technology and public sanitation (Second Agricultural Revolution)
79
What is the RNI in Stage 2?
Rapidly increasing RNI leading to population explosion
80
Why does population grow in Stage 2?
Growth is due to the decline in deaths not from an increase in births
81
What are examples of Stage 2 countries?
LDCs such as Niger Mali and South Sudan
82
When did MDCs enter Stage 2? When did LDCs?
MDCs entered Stage 2 in the early 1800s; LDCs entered after the 1950s
83
Stage 3 of the DTM is called _____ and is characterized by _____.
Late Industrial or Late-Expanding; sharply declining birth rates (to about 15) and continued declining death rates (to about 10)
84
What causes the transition from Stage 2 to Stage 3?
Urbanization declining childhood death improved family planning increasing female literacy and women entering the workforce
85
Why do birth rates decline in Stage 3?
Urbanization reduces need for child labor smaller living spaces increased costs healthcare improvements and increased female employment and education
86
What is the RNI in Stage 3?
Growth still occurs but at a reduced and declining rate
87
What are examples of Stage 3 countries?
Semi-periphery countries like Turkey Mexico and India
88
When did MDCs enter Stage 3? When did LDCs?
MDCs entered Stage 3 in the late 1800s; LDCs entered after the 1980s (or haven't started yet)
89
What relationship exists between female literacy and fertility rates?
Strong inverse relationship: higher female literacy correlates with lower fertility rates (observed globally)
90
Stage 4 of the DTM is called _____ and is characterized by _____.
Post-Industrial or Low Stationary; low birth rates and low death rates
91
What is the RNI in Stage 4?
Very low or zero population growth
92
What causes most deaths in Stage 4?
Issues associated with aging; deaths from infectious disease are rare
93
What demographic shift occurs in Stage 4?
Shift to elderly dependency as life expectancy continues to increase
94
What are examples of Stage 4 countries?
Majority of MDCs including the US Australia and South Korea
95
When did MDCs enter Stage 4?
After the 1970s
96
What is Stage 5 of the DTM?
A hypothesized stage (not in classic DTM) characterized by population decline or Zero Population Growth
97
What characterizes Stage 5?
Declining birth rates below replacement level (TFR less than 2.1) negative or very low RNI
98
What are examples of Stage 5 countries?
Japan Germany and much of Europe
99
What is Zero Population Growth (ZPG)?
When birth rates equal death rates resulting in no population growth
100
What is a Stationary Population Level (SPL)?
When a population reaches zero population growth and remains stable
101
How do LDCs differ from MDCs in the DTM?
Faster decline in death rates (technology diffused from MDCs) longer lag between decline in deaths and births and higher maximum rates of growth (over 3.5% peak RNI)
102
Why do LDCs have a longer lag in Stage 3?
Economic growth is delayed so the decline in birth rates takes longer
103
What happens in LDCs where economic development is occurring?
They follow the DTM more closely and are now in Stage 3
104
What happens in lowest-income countries?
They have high birth rates and deaths are leveling off at higher rates than DTM predicts (remain in Stage 2)
105
What is happening to death rates in some LDCs?
Death rates are starting to increase due to epidemics worsening poverty etc.
106
Why do LDCs today experience prolonged demographic momentum?
Age structures in LDCs are much younger than MDCs experienced leading to continued growth long after fertility declines
107
What is the Epidemiologic Transition?
Predictable stages in disease patterns and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop corresponding with DTM stages
108
What characterizes Stage 1 of the Epidemiologic Transition?
Pestilence and Famine: infectious diseases (cholera tuberculosis) pandemics epidemics animal attacks accidents and malnutrition
109
What characterizes Stage 2 of the Epidemiologic Transition?
Receding Pandemics: pandemics and infectious diseases decline due to medical advances sanitation and improved nutrition
110
What characterizes Stage 3 of the Epidemiologic Transition?
Degenerative and Human-made Diseases: diseases associated with aging and lifestyle choices like heart disease and cancer
111
What characterizes Stage 4 of the Epidemiologic Transition?
Delayed Degenerative Diseases: diseases associated with aging can be delayed with medical advancements (Alzheimer's dementia)
112
What is an endemic disease?
A disease that is constantly present in a particular region or population
113
What is an epidemic?
A widespread outbreak of disease in a region affecting many people at once
114
What is a pandemic?
An epidemic that spreads across multiple countries or continents affecting a very large number of people
115
What is a vectored disease?
A disease transmitted by an organism (vector) such as mosquitoes ticks or fleas
116
What is malaria?
A vectored disease transmitted by mosquitoes common in tropical regions
117
What is a population policy?
Government programs and laws designed to influence population size growth distribution or composition
118
What is an expansive (pro-natalist) population policy?
Policies that encourage higher birth rates to increase population (e.g. tax breaks maternity leave family allowances)
119
What is a restrictive (anti-natalist) population policy?
Policies that discourage births to decrease population growth (e.g. China's former one-child policy)
120
What is a eugenic population policy?
Policies designed to favor one group over others in the population often based on race or ethnicity (historically used for discriminatory purposes)
121
What is a population projection?
A prediction of future population size and characteristics based on current trends and assumptions
122
What is a population pyramid (Age-Sex graph)?
A graphical representation showing the age and sex distribution of a population
123
What can population pyramids reveal?
Birth rates death rates life expectancy and overall population structure; they help identify which DTM stage a country is in
124
What is age distribution?
How a population is divided among different age groups
125
What is the dependency ratio?
The ratio of dependents (people too young or too old to work) to the working-age population
126
What is the youth dependency ratio?
The ratio of people aged 0-14 to the working-age population (15-64)
127
What is the elderly dependency ratio?
The ratio of people aged 65 and older to the working-age population (15-64)
128
What is sustainability?
The ability to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
129
What is standard of living?
The level of wealth comfort material goods and necessities available to a population
130
How does wealth affect population?
Wealth allows for expansive food supply and advanced healthcare; many high-income countries have death rates equal to birth rates (Stage 4)
131
What is the fertility transition?
The shift from high to low birth rates as a society develops economically and socially
132
What is migration?
The permanent or semi-permanent movement of people from one location to another
133
What is emigration?
Leaving one's home country to live in another country
134
What is immigration?
Entering and settling in a country that is not one's native country
135
What is internal migration?
Movement within a country's borders
136
What is international migration?
Movement across national borders from one country to another
137
Americans move on average once every _____ years.
6 years
138
How many Americans move from state to state each year?
Over 5 million
139
What role does migration play in diffusion?
Migration is a key factor in the speed of diffusion of ideas and innovations
140
What is cyclic movement?
Leaving home for a defined amount of time and returning home (e.g. daily commutes shopping)
141
What are activity spaces?
Places in which people move in the rounds of everyday activity
142
What is periodic movement?
Short-term seasonal migration lasting weeks or months (e.g. snowbirds going to college)
143
What are snowbirds?
Retired people who live in cold states but move to warm states in the winter (form of periodic movement)
144
What is transhumance?
Seasonal pastoral farming where herders move livestock vertically in mountain areas to graze on highlands in summer and lowlands in winter
145
What is nomadism?
Irregular cyclical migration that follows the growth of vegetation; people have no permanent home
146
What is the difference between transhumance and nomadism?
Transhumance is specialized seasonal movement in mountains with a home base; nomadism is irregular movement with no permanent home
147
What is voluntary migration?
A conscious decision to move from home to a new destination weighing push and pull factors
148
What is forced migration?
Movement imposed on a group of people where they do not have a choice
149
Is it always clear if migration is forced or voluntary?
No sometimes it's ambiguous (e.g. Irish Potato Famine - technically voluntary but driven by desperation)
150
What is a refugee?
Someone who is forced to flee their home country due to persecution war or violence and crosses an international border
151
In 2018 which three countries created the most refugees?
Syria (6.3 million) Afghanistan (2.6 million) and South Sudan (2.4 million)
152
In 2018 which three countries received the most refugees?
Turkey (3.5 million) Pakistan (1.4 million) and Uganda (1.4 million)
153
What is an asylum seeker?
Someone who left their home country due to persecution and is seeking protection in another country but has not been legally recognized as a refugee
154
What are Internally Displaced People (IDPs)?
People who must leave their homes but remain within their own country's borders
155
Why can life be more unstable for IDPs than refugees?
They stay in the country where a crisis is taking place and are often uncounted because they don't cross international borders
156
What is a diaspora?
The dispersion of a population from its original homeland to various locations around the world
157
What was the Great Migration?
Movement of African Americans from the South to the Northeast and California between 1900-1970
158
What is the Rust Belt to Sun Belt migration?
Movement of northern factory workers from the northern US to southern states due to economic shifts
159
When did most US immigrants come from Northern and Western Europe?
1820-1900
160
When did most US immigrants come from Southern and Eastern Europe?
1900-1930s
161
Where have most US immigrants come from after the 1960s?
Latin America and Asia
162
What is transnational migration?
Migration across national borders maintaining connections with both home and host countries
163
What is rural-urban migration?
Movement from countryside/villages to cities
164
What is seasonal migration?
Temporary movement related to seasonal work or climate (e.g. agricultural workers)
165
What is chain migration?
Migration pattern where people follow family members or others from their community who previously migrated to the same destination
166
What is step migration?
Migration that occurs in stages often from rural areas to small towns to larger cities
167
What is a migration stream?
A constant flow of migrants from one region to another over time
168
What is colonization?
The establishment of settlements in a territory by people from another country often involving political control
169
What are push factors?
Negative conditions that drive people away from their home location (e.g. war poverty persecution natural disasters)
170
What are pull factors?
Positive conditions that attract people to a new location (e.g. job opportunities better living conditions political freedom)
171
Give examples of economic push factors.
Poverty unemployment lack of opportunities low wages
172
Give examples of economic pull factors.
Job opportunities higher wages better standard of living
173
Give examples of political push factors.
War persecution political instability lack of freedom
174
Give examples of political pull factors.
Political freedom democracy stable government human rights
175
Give examples of environmental push factors.
Natural disasters droughts floods poor climate environmental degradation
176
Give examples of environmental pull factors.
Favorable climate natural resources environmental quality
177
What is distance decay?
The principle that interaction between places decreases as distance increases
178
What is friction of distance?
The effort time and cost required to overcome distance in spatial interaction
179
What is the gravity model?
A model predicting that interaction between two places is proportional to their populations and inversely proportional to the distance between them
180
What is an intervening opportunity?
An alternative destination that is closer or more attractive than the original destination causing migrants to stop before reaching their intended goal
181
What is a guest worker?
A foreign worker who has permission to work in a country temporarily but is not a permanent resident or citizen
182
What is a quota?
A numerical limit on the number of immigrants allowed to enter a country from specific regions or in total
183
What are remittances?
Money that migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries
184
Why are remittances important?
They provide crucial financial support to families in origin countries and can significantly impact the economy of sending nations
185
What is gendered space?
Spaces in society that are designated or perceived as appropriate for one gender over another often reflecting cultural norms
AP Human Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
