1
Q
Urban Hearths
A
Mesopotamia, Nile, Indus, Huang-He, Mesoamerican/Andean
2
Q
Early city states
A
an urban center + surrounding territory/villages
3
Q
____ was a primary consideration in early city states
A
defense
4
Q
Urban hearth
A
defensible site
river valley
seasonal floods / fertile soils -> ag surplus
5
Q
City State Examples
A
Classical Greece (Middle Ages), Venice and Italy (Renaissance), Vatican City and Singapore (Modern Day)
6
Q
Vatican City and Singapore formed from ___ influence.
A
religious
7
Q
___ from Venice and Italy (Renaissance) has endured as a modern city state
A
Monaco
8
Q
Early purposes of cities
A
- trade
- transport (rivers) - many major neolithic cities
- defense & religion
9
Q
Metropolitan areas are ____ regions with the primary city at the center.
A
nodal
10
Q
Urban centers of immigration
A
Miami, San Jose, Toronto/Vancouver, Sydney/Melbourne
11
Q
Attractive site factors for ubz
A
- Topography
- Key sesources
- Transport system - river systems / natural harbors
- Location on trade routes
12
Q
Examples of urban centers with attractive site factors
A
San Francisco (Key Resources - gold rush)
NYC, Rio de Janeiro, and Sydney (Transport Systems - natural harbors)
Pittsburgh (Location on trade routes - river trade)
13
Q
____ had attractive situation factors – it was at the crossroads of the Silk Road.
A
Aleppo
14
Q
Before the ___ Canal, New Orleans, Philly, and Baltimore were more influential than NYC.
A
Erie
15
Q
The Erie Canal connected NYC to the ________, giving the city ____ access.
A
Great Lakes, Midwest
16
Q
Tenochtitlan was a ____ capital located on a ____ island. It was the ____ capital and the ____ city in America until conquest, when it was destroyed and replaced with _____ City.
A
forward, marshy, Aztec, largest, Mexico
17
Q
Streetcar systems created streetcar ____ that grew up alongside rail lines — forming a ___ shaped city.
A
suburbs, pinwheel
18
Q
Cities that lagged in providing communication networks fell behind cities on the cutting edge:
A
Tokyo, Chicago, London, and NYC
19
Q
____ has the best communication network today.
A
Singapore
20
Q
New transport has impacted spatial organization in urban centers, leading to:
A
suburbanization, urban sprawl, decentralization, growth & decline
21
Q
Pre-1850, all cities were related to ____ ways.
A
water
22
Q
A major factor towards suburbanization was
A
the development of cars
23
Q
What are Borchert’s Five* Epochs of American Ubz?
A
- The Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
- The Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)
- The Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
- Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970)
- Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion* (1970-Present)
24
Q
Which cities had a good situation during the Sail-Wagon Epoch and why?
A
Boston, NYC, and Savannah
They were interior cities that grew on rivers with coastal access (Atlantic).
25
What technology was used during the Sail Wagon Epoch?
Low and slow tech - ocean trade, wagon travel
26
Cities were clustered around the ___ coast during the Sail Wagon Epoch.
Atlantic
27
Poor road conditions made ______ travel difficult during the Sail Wagon Epoch.
intercity
28
When was the Iron Horse Epoch?
1830-1870
29
When was the Sail Wagon Epoch?
1790-1830
30
What kind of tech was used during the Iron Horse Epoch?
Steam engines - steamboat, regional railroad
31
Steam-driven ____ allowed for rapid urban to rural expansion.
railroads
32
Rail networks connected ___ to ___ in the Iron Horse Epoch.
cities / resources, industrial sites
33
___ increased the movement of goods and grew ___ cities.
Steamboats, river
34
____ thrived after the ___ Purchase as a ___ city during the Iron Horse Epoch.
New Orleans, Louisiana, river
35
When was the Steel Rail Epoch?
1870-1920
36
The first ____ railways were built during the Steel Rail Epoch.
transcontinental
37
Industrial centers in the ____ and ____ continued to grow as interior cities during the Steel Rail Epoch.
Northeast, Midwest
38
___ cities (ex. New Orleans) declined while ___ centers (ex. ___) grew during the Steel Rail Epoch.
river, rail, Chicago
39
Chicago was first important for ___, but after building the ___ Canal, it was connected to the eastern U.S. making it very important for ____.
defense, Erie, railroads
40
When was the Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch?
1920-1970
41
During the Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch, ___ declined as ____ (more ___) allowed cities to spread out.
railroads, cars, highways
42
__ travel increased and ___ hubs emerged during the Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch.
Air, airport
43
During the Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch, there was major urban growth in the ___ and __ cities because of the ___ industry.
Great Lakes, Sunbelt, automobile
44
During the Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch, there was a huge spike in ____.
interconnection
45
When was the Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion Epoch?
1970-Present
46
The Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion saw the continued decline of the ___ Belt.
Rust
47
The below warped employment during the Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion:
telecommute / globalization / outsourcing
48
Technology in the Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion lead to:
decentralization, urban sprawl
49
Push factors resulting in rural to urban expansion
pop. growth, cultural tension, environmental strain, and lack of econ. opportunties
50
The most rural-to-urban migration happens in
China, India, and Brazil
51
Most rural-to-urban migration happens ____.
domestically
52
In Brazil, millions migrate from ___ areas to ________ / _________, streching ___ and creating challenges.
rural, Sao Paulo / Rio de Janeiro, resources
53
Rural-to-urban migration has slowed in ___ regions.
core
54
In the U.S., ___ migration to cities in the ____ has increased as a result of increased ___ opportunities, cost of ____, and ___ of life.
domestic, Southwest, economic, living, quality
55
Which cities in the US have faced challenges as a result of domestic migration?
Atlanta, Tampa, Charlotte, Denver, Dallas, and Phoenix
56
The ____ favela is the largest in ___ and one of the most developed in the world. It is home to over 70k residents and prone to ____.
Rochinha, Brazil, landslides / flooding
57
Favelas develop due to rapid ___ growth and ___ in developing countries which lead to a lack of affordable ___ and ___ issues.
pop., ubz, housing, societal.
58
Favelas are often vulnerable to natural ____ because they are usually built on the ____ of cities on _____ land.
disasters, outskirts, undesirable
59
Houston's economic development was focused on
Manufacturing (oil and energy)
60
Wall Street's economic development was focused on
Services (finance)
61
Cancun, Miami and Las Vegas's economic development was focused on
tourism
62
Washington D.C.'s economic development was focused on
government
63
Cities in the Midwest were focused on ____ jobs, while cities in Florida were focused on ____ / ____ based development.
manufacturing, retirement, tourism
64
____ is focused on _____ industries to take advantage of CMU and uPitt.
Pittsburgh, high tech
65
Gov. policies on urbanization
tax incentives (regional), zoning / land use plans
66
Local ____ may join together to market a ____'s advantages.
government, region
67
The New ____ Plan in China demarcated the ___ coast of the country for urbanization, using __ incentives, ___ grants, and a series of ____ cities.
Urbanization, tax, land, interconnected
68
Shenzen is near ______, with a heavy focus on ___ and ___ to build another Silicon Valley -- part of the New Urbanization Plan.
Hong Kong, education, high tech
69
Forward Capitals
captial cities that are relocated, mostly occuring in formal colonies
70
Forward capitals are constructed when old cities were ____ and had limited ___.
congested, infrastructure
71
Brazil made Brasilia as a ____ capital to replace Rio de Janeiro in the 50s. Brasilia was purpose built and ___ located.
forward, centrally
72
Megacities and metacities are distinct outcomes of urbanization located in the ___ / ___
semiphery / periphery
73
Megacities face the same ___ as metacities, but lack the ____ to respond.
problems, resources
74
Megacity
metro areas with pop. >10m
75
Metacity / Hypercity
metro areas with pop. >20m
76
The first and largest metacity was ___.
Tokyo
77
Megalopolis Examples
San Diego-LA-San Francisco, Tokyo-Yokohama
78
A megalopolis is a ____ string of cities that had merged into a single ___ - an uninterrupted area of towns, suburbs, and cities. Crosses state ___ and exceeded the limits of a ____ area, legally they stay separate but ____ they merge.
continuous, conurbation, boundaries, metro, functionally
79
Automobolies and the freeway caused urban sprawl in
Atlanta, LA, and Dallas
80
_______ is an example of a city that has not sprawled.
Mexico City
81
In North America, ______ is happening as some suburbanites return to live in the city (ex. NYC).
re-urbanization
82
In the U.S. after WW2, economic ___, the __ Bill, the increased production and ownership of __, and ___ have all lead to an increase in suburbanization.
advancements, GI, automobiles
83
Sprawl in the U.S. is msot common in the ___ and ___.
Southeast, West
84
What was the GI Bill?
Created in the US after WW2, veterans got low down payments and long term mortgages
85
In the U.S. after WW2, suburbs were developed with quickly built __ / ___ housing.
tract / prefab (multiple homes that are similarly designed)
86
Edge Cities
communieis located on the outskirts with commercial centers and key amenities typically found in an urban center
- not usually residential, more economic
87
___, ___ is an example of an edge city.
Tyson Center, D.C.
88
____ cities have been newly developed in the last 30 years.
Edge
89
Boomburbs
suburbs that have grown into an entire city with >100k residents
90
Examples of boomburbs
Plano, TX; Mesa, Arizona; Riverside, California
91
Exurbs
community on the edge of traiditonal suburbs
92
Exurbs are a product of _____, migrants flee to prosperous _____ districts beyond the ___.
deurbanization, residential, suburbs.
93
Exurbs function like a ___, but are more __ and less ___ to the city.
suburb, rural, connected
94
Exurbs can include ___ estates or small ___ towns.
wealthy, rural
95
_____ are urban districts with little diversity.
Exurbs
96
_____ investment in continued ____ growth diverted funds from ___ city regions.
Govermnment, suburban, inner
97
Revitalization
focuses on instilling new life into a community by renovating old buildings nad beautifying an area
98
Redevelopment
focuses on converting an existing property to another, more desirable use (ex. transport, retail, entertainment)
99
Infill
identifies and develops vacant parcels of land in previously built areas (type of redevelopment - reduces sprawl).
ex. Central Park, Civita
100
Infill focuses on land already served by ___ / ___.
transport / infra
101
_____ is home to the United Nations.
New York
102
Nodal cities are command centers on a ____ and occasionally ___ level.
regional, national
103
Examples of nodal cities
Denver, Phoenix, Minneapolis (not world cities, but have significant regional Power)
104
Nodal cities developed ___ systems, ___, and ___ networks that connect to ___ cities and back to the ___ cities.
road, airports, communication, small, World
105
Examples of Specialized ciites
Austin - Government
Las Vegas - Entertainment
Elkhart, Indiana - Manufacturing
Norfolk, Virginia - Military
106
Cities at a global scale are known as ___ cities.
World
107
Cities are a national/regional scale are known as ___ / ___ cities.
rank-size / primate
108
Examples of Countries where the Rank Size Model is Effective
U.S., Canada, Australia, India
109
The Rank Size model works ___ when it looks at entire ___ areas.
better, metropolitan
110
Primate Cities
London, Paris, Vienna, Mexico City, Jakarta, Tokyo
111
The ____ is a prime example of urban primacy - ___ is by far the largest city. The country is relatively ___ with a ___ government, with good ___ / ___ reducing the need for ____-sized cities that provide ____-order goods / services.
United Kingdom, small, unitary, transport / infra, medium, higher / moderate
112
Mexico City is an example where urban primacy ____. Mexico City provides many __ that are not easily ___ to large portions of the population - most of Mexico has to travel large ___ to recieve even ___-order services because there are no ___-sized cities.
fails, services, available, distances, medium, medium
113
The key difference between the United Kingdom and Mexico City is their ___ networks.
transport
114
Urban primacy is associated with..
high ag dependence, low per capita income, high pop. growth, small territory.
115
Urban ____ can be linked to a ____ past.
primacy, colonial
116
_____ cities like Orlando or Las Vegas break the ____ Model by having an ___ influence. ___ sites like Jerusalem and Mecca do the same.
Entertainment, Gravity, outsized, religious
117
Central place
large city that provides key goods and services for surroiunding areas.
118
_____ settlements ___ around the central place.
Small, organize
119
The central place could even be a ___ with ___ order services (ex. convenience store, post office, or religious center)
hamlet, low
120
The ___ Place Theory correctly concludes ___ cities will be ___ out from one another.
Central, large, spread
121
Market Area (Central Place Theory)
zone that contain people who will purchase goods or services - surrounds each central place.
122
___-services have a greater ___ and therefore larger ____ areas.
Higher, range, market
123
The Central Place Theory uses nesting ___ to cover all surface areas.
hexagons
124
The Central ____ Theory implies that there are more ___ than villages, more villages than ___, and more towns than ____.
Place, hamlets, towns, cities
125
The ___ Business District (CBD) can commonly be found in the ___ hearts of cities - the ___ site of settlement.
Central, historic, original
126
Functional zonation
division of a city in different regions or zones for certain functions
127
5 Rings of the Concentric Zone Model.
Bid Rent, Zone of Transition, Independent Workers' Homes, Better Residences, Commuter Zone.
128
The Concentric Zone model was based on ___ in the 20s, and accurately models ____ America & some ___ cities.
Chicago, North, European
129
In the Ring #1 (____) of the ___ Zone Model, there is typically no ____ services.
Bid Rent, Concentric, residential
130
The _____ population density in the ____ Concentric Zone model is found in the ____ ring.
lowest, Burgess, outermost
131
The Hoyt ___ Model adds ____ to the concept of ____ from the CBD found in the ____ Zone Model.
Sector, direction, distance, Concentric
132
The ____ City Model is a revision of the Harris and Ullman ___ Nuclei Model.
Galactic, Multiple
133
The Galactic ___ Model is the most ___ of the models and was developed in the 80s based on ____.
City, modern, Detroit
134
The Galactic City Model is also known as
the peripheral model
135
The Galactic City Model is famous for proposing ___ cities that are usually located along ___ routes and leave behind a ____ inner city.
edge, transport ,declining
136
In Europe, many ___ are located in the ___ heart of the city. Buildings are ___, but ___ are still concentrated.
CBDs, historic, shorter, services
137
Chicago's CBD is dominated by high-rise ____, with few examples of ___ life.
offices, residential
138
___ innovations have had the biggest impact in ____ city development.
Transport , American
139
Cities grew slowly and with little ____ - the result if a ____ mix of commercial / ___ land use with narrow, winding streets.
planning, dense, residential
140
It is hard to find ____ land-use zones in European cities.
distinct
141
In European cities, suburbs have more ___ buildings, most are _____ buildings with ____ pop. density than in North America.
tall, apartment, higher
142
Ethnic ____ and ____ patterns in European Cities often reflect ____ heritage.
diversity, immigration, colonial
143
The Latin American City Model assumes ___ organization in terms of the ___ supply of goods and ____ to ____ populations.
spatial, competitive, services, dispersed
144
In the Griffin-___ Model, malls are popular to the ___ class; the elite and middle class ___ around and stratify against them.
Ford, middle, cluster
145
_____ is a concern for loss of ___ character in high rises.
Gentrification, colonial
146
Industrial parks
Common and prolific on the outskirts of LA cities
147
Recent ___ often reside in the Periferico / ____ (around the city), creating a ___ appeal that protects local cultural ___.
migrants, beltway, tourist, heritage
148
The African City Model emphasizes economic activity, specifically ___ / ___. It heavily reflects ____ in its ____ different CBDs.
mining / manufacturing, colonialism, three
149
The _____ of the African City model often feature ____ markets: ___-scale merchants congregate weekly/yearly to sell goods.
Market Zone, periodic, small
150
There is no wealthy, ____ area in the ____ City Model.
elite, African
151
African Cities were subject to ___ growth, transport is often ____ as result of poor ____.
rapid, inefficient, pplanning
152
Example of an African satellite township
ex. Kibera on the western edge of Nairobi in Kenya
153
The Market ____ zone and ___ zone are the only two ___, formal zones of the ____ Asian Model.
gardening, port, constant, Southeast
154
Neighborhoods in the ____ City Model are characterized by cultural adaptions to the ___ / ___ of the Middle East.
Islamic, heat / sun
155
Older international cities (ex. ___, ____, and ____) developed before advancements in ____ tech.
Paris, Tokyo, Amsterdam, transport
156
Latin American cities have ____ regions similar to those in the U.S. as well as those similar to ____.
periphery, Europe
157
Filtering
houses pass from one social group to another - causes a ripple down thee social scale.
158
Filtering is most noticeable when an ____ changes to another gorup.
enclave
159
Invasion and Successoion
one social/ethnic group replaces another through filtering - sequent occupancy
160
____ communities are increasingly ___ in Latin America as the region ____.
Gated, popular, develops
161
Bid ___ theory makes it ____ to replace ___ density homes in suburbs becomes more valuable with ___ density housing.
rent, profitable, low, high
162
Incorporation
when residents who live beyond the boundaries of the city want to separate from the central city
163
Incorporated _____ are often ___ and have more ___ political representation than if the region had opted to be ____.
municipalities, smaller, local, annedxed
164
_____ municipalities often lack a ___ and function as _____ communities or commuter ____ within the larger ___ area.
Incorporated, CBD, bedroom, suburbs, metro
165
Improving indoor plumbing can help improve sanitation for people in cities like ____, ___, and ___>
Kolkata, Port-au-Price, Nairobi
166
____, ___, and ____ are known for mass transit.
NYC, D.C., San Francisco
AP Human Geography
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