1
Q
Plant kingdom name
A
Plantae
2
Q
Charophycean Algae
A
- Closest cousins of Land plants
- Aquatic (shallow waters near land)
- Multicellular
- Only the haploid (1N) stage is multicellular
3
Q
How long ago did plants first colonize land?
A
475 million years ago
4
Q
Plant groups that are non-vascular
A
-Bryophytes (liverworts/marchantiophyta, hornworts/anthocerophyta, and mosses/bryophyta)
5
Q
Seed-Free vascular plants
A
- Lycophytes
- Ferns
6
Q
Features in common between green algae and land plants
A
- Photosynthetic
- Carbohydrate storage (starch)
- Cellulose cell walls
- Similar sperm
7
Q
Alternation of Generations
A
The life cycle of a plant goes back and forth between the sporophyte (diploid) and the gametophyte (haploid) generations
8
Q
Bryophytes
A
- Non-vascular tissue
- Poikilohydric (having no mechanism to prevent desiccation)
- Rhizoids (instead of roots)
- Phalloids (instead of leaves)
- Thin cuticle
- Biflagellate sperm (requires water to move)
- Gametophyte-dominant life cycle
- Produces spores
9
Q
What is he name of the kingdom that plants are in?
A
Plantae
10
Q
What period did the first land plants appear in?
A
Ordivician period
11
Q
Advantages of algae leaving water and going to land
A
Advantages
- No animals, so no predators
- More sunlight on land
- Less competition with other plants
- more CO2 on land than in water, which aids in photosynthesis
12
Q
Disadvantages of algae leaving water and going to land
A
- Dryer, which makes it harder to avoid desiccation
- UV rays
- Need structural support to stay upright
- Hard to move gametes without water
13
Q
What is the dominant generation of life cycle in bryophytes?
A
Gametophyte-dominant life cycle
14
Q
Gemmae
A
Gemmae cups break off of the plant and reproduce asexually
15
Q
Lycophytes
A
“Seed-free vascular plants”
- Vascular tissue
- Roots
- Microphylls
- Thicker cuticle
- Flagellate sperm
- Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
- Produce spores (some are heterosporous, which means that they have different spores)
16
Q
Ferns
A
- Vascular tissue
- Roots
- Megaphylls (“true leaves”)
- Thicker cuticle
- Flagellate sperm
- Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
- Produce spores (some are heterosporous)
17
Q
Dominant generation in the fern life cycle
A
Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
18
Q
2 types of vascular tissue and their functions
A
- Xylem - Carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
- Phloem - Carries sugar + other nutrients that the plant manufactured from the leaves to the rest of the plant
19
Q
“Gymnosperm is Latin for what? What does it translate to?
A
“Naked seed”
20
Q
What feature of gymnosperms is not possessed by mosses or ferns?
A
Seeds
21
Q
What is the advantage of using pollen?
A
The plants don’t need water to carry out fertilization
22
Q
Where, on what structures, is the is the male and female gametophyte of gymnosperms located?
A
Female = egg sac Male = pollen grain
23
Q
“Angiosperm” is Latin for what?
A
“Encased seed”
24
Q
Name of the angiosperm phylum
A
Anthophyta
25
Angiosperms
- Vascular tissue
- Roots
- Pollen with sperm cells
- Sporophyte-dominant life cycle
- Produce seeds (in vessel)
- Megaphylls
- Flowers
26
Name of angiosperm phylum
Anthophyta
27
2 features in angiosperms not possessed by gymnosperms
- Produce seeds in the vessel
| - Flowers
28
What is the male gametophyte in the angiosperm? What is the female gametophyte?
- Male: Stamen
| - Female: Pistil
29
What plant generation is dominant in gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Sporophyte
30
What features distinguish monocots an eudocots?
Eudicots: two cotyledons, tricolpate pollen, flower parts in multiples of 4-5, branching leaf ventilation
Monocots: one cotyledon, monosulcate pollen, flower parts in multiples of 3, parallel leaf ventilation
31
Tricolpate vs, monosulcate pollen
Tricolpate: pollen has 3 ridges in it
Monosulcate: pollen has 1 ridge in it
32
What process happens to make sporophytes?
Meiosis
33
What process happens to make gametophytes
Mitosis
34
Sporophyte-dominant generation cells are...
Diploid
35
Gametophyte-dominant generation cells are...
Haploid
36
Stamen
- Male part of the flower
- Site of microsporogenesis
Consists of:
- Anther: Produces pollen
- Filament: The stalk that holds up the anther
37
Carpel/Pistil
- Female part
- Site of megasporogenesis
Consists of:
- Stigma: Receives pollen
- Style: Connects the stigma to the ovary
- Ovary: Contains ovules
38
Sepal
- A whole set of sepals makes a calyx
- Protects the internal organs of the flower
- When it’s green, it aids in photosynthesis and when it’s the same color as the flower, it helps attract pollinators
39
Receptacle
The thickened part of the stem that the flower organs grow on
40
Homosporous vs Heterosporous
Homosporous:
Sporangium—>Spores—>Gametophyte
Heterosporous: Producing two different kinds of spores
Microsporangia—>Microspores—>Male gametophyte—>Sperm
Megasporangia—>Megaspores—>Female gametophyte—>Eggs
41
Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the receptive stigma of a pistil
42
Locations of male and female gametophyte
Male - pollen grain
| Female - Egg sac
43
Fertilization
The fusion of two gametophyte nuclei to form a diploid zygote
44
Where does pollen tube growth occur?
The style
45
Name of green algae phylum that is closest relative/sister taxon to kingdom plantae
Charophycean algae
46
What process produces gametes? What process produces spores?
Mitosis produces gametes
Meiosis produces spores
47
Examples of gymnosperms
Cyads
Ginkgoes
Gnetophytes
48
Types of pollination
Wind, water, and animals
49
Wind pollination
Plants release many grains of pollen to increase the probability of pollination that are then transported by wind
50
Water pollination
Rare mechanism of pollination, but it does happen in some groups.
51
Animal pollination
| Animal/pollinator gets _____ + ______ + _____ while plant gets _____
Animal/pollinator gets nectar, pollen, and can be warmed up by the pollen
Plant gets to reproduce by having its pollen grains moved around
52
Example of animal pollinators
Bees
53
Bad smelling flowers
Some flowers recreate bad smells (like rotting flesh) to trick flies into pollinating them
54
White Flowers/Bats
- White flowers attract bats who pollinate the flowers because they’re easier to see at night.
- Bats use sonar to pollinate the flower
55
Crab Spiders
Some crab spiders camouflage onto flowers and and pray on pollinators when they land on flowers.
56
Double-Fertilization
- 1 sperm cell fertilizes and egg cell
| - The second sperm cell fuses with 2 polar nuclei —> produces a triploid (3n) body that gives rise tot the endosperm
57
3 components of a seed
- Embryo
- Protective seed coat
- Endosperm (a supply of food for the embryo)
58
What to groups both have seeds?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms
59
Cotyledon
An embryonic leaf
60
What is the function of a fruit
- Protect seeds
| - Aid in dispersal
61
Where does the pericarp/fruit tissue develop from
The ovary wall
62
Simple, Aggregate, and Multiple Fruits
Simple—Develops from 1 flower with 1 carpel or fused carpels
Ex: Peach
Aggregate—Develops from 1 flower with many separate carpels
Ex: Blackberries
Multiple—Develops from many flowers with many carpels
Ex: Pineapple
63
Rhizome
- An underground stem
- Plants can wine rhizomes out from the first plant and another plant can grow out from that rhizome. You could cut that rhizome in half and the plants would continue to grow separately
64
Stolon
Same thing as rhizome, except it’s above ground
65
Corm
- Swollen portions of underground plant stems.
- New corms form off of parent corms.
- You could detach a smaller corm and treat it like a seed, but it’s not a seed since it reproduces asexually.
66
Plantlet/Fragmentation
- Little leaf structures (plantlets) that detach and grow into other plants.
- It’s reproduction through fragmentation with the usage of platelets
67
Budding
| Provide an example
Offspring grows off of the parent, splits off, and becomes a parent themselves
Ex: Jellyfish
68
Fission
| Provide am example
Single Cell Level—Splitting itself in half
Ex: Paramecium
Whole Organism—Whole organism divides itself in half
Ex: Anemone
69
Fragmentation + Regeneration
| Provide an example
-An intact adult breaks into fragments
-Followed by regeneration
Ex—Sponges
70
Parthenogenesis
| Provide an example
```
-Offspring develop
From an underutilized egg
-Means “virgin birth”
-Some species are made up of only females and only reproduce via parthenogenesis or via sexual reproduction
-Ex—Lizards
```
71
Spermatogenesis
- Occurs in the testes
- Spermatocyte—The cell that undergoes meiosis to make haploid sperm cells.
- Occurs in entire adult life of males in any species
- Starts with a diploid spermatocyte, and you end up with 4 haploid cells
- Way more sperm cells than egg cells
72
Oogenesis
- Occurs in the ovary
- The production of eggs
- Oocyte—Where eggs are produced
- Creates 4 haploid products, but only 1 will become a mature egg cell.
- Starts and ends earlier than spermatogenesis
- Eggs cells are much bigger than sperm cells
73
Jellyfish Life Cycle
They reproduce asexually through a process called repeated transverse fission (fragmentation)
74
Factors involved in switching between sexual and asexual reproduction
Daphnia
- Use parthenogenesis, but can also sexually reproduce
- When winter comes, they start to carry out parthenogenesis. They also start to produce more males—>In Oneonta
- Reproducing sexually affords then genetic diversity
75
Slipper limpet - sex change
- Females are the largest and on the bottom
- Once they die, the next male becomes female
- The biggest individual is female because they have more resources to dedicate to taking care of their offspring
Biology 181
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
